A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essays

A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essays A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Valuess are models and principals by which we live our lives. These measures are numerous and as often as possible rely upon individuals' experience for example Culture, class, confidence, sexual orientation, age. Valuess are profoundly single perspectives that immediate individuals' reactions to the universe around them. Among a portion of the qualities I carry on with my life by and respect are privateness leting me to hold endless to myself and regarding the way that others may need privateness, to be protected furthermore leting others the equivalent, holding self respect, being trusty, being non critical, being against biased, regard life and religion, esteem opportunity and correspondence, esteem pick and others purposes of position. I have figured out how to populate my life this way from my folks and their family units. The schools and church where I was educated, upheld the estimations of human sense of pride, solidarity for the benefit of everyone, noble cause, and the fami ly unit, all of which I keep on keeping darling. I subsequently attempt to ensure that I treat individuals the way I would wish to be dealt with. In light of these qualities, I am ready to work cheerfully nearby the association I volunteer for, as their arrangements and processs speak to a considerable lot of these regular qualities. We ensure the privilege to sense of pride, pick, respect, privateness, and security. I should see my customers convictions and affinities. I by and by volunteer as a Befriender for a gathering that helps adults with larning disablements become included inside the network through socialization, by fiting Befriendees with steady Befrienders. I, as an intentional for this association, offer their assistance members with the opportunity to take a full and satisfying part in their locale. I other than help to raise cognizance of issues affecting adults with larning inconveniences in network commitment. I did this in a significant way by take separating in the total and introduction of our solicitation to the Scots Parliament to bespeak that Befriending is to be financed with core support. Despite the fact that Befriending, to help cultural incorporation was quickly referenced as an organization of back uping adults with larning disablements in â€Å"Same as you Strategy†2000, this article has neer been characterized by the specialists as a core administration to be given by gatherings. As a result, Befriending for Adults with Learning Disabilities has only from time to time been financed or conveyed by legal administrations. Notwithstanding, the cultural work area is the main offices of referral to our association thus for the moment get this administration free, financed by magnanimous commitments. I feel this is a signifier of legal bias against our customer gathering and trust our solicitation settle this situation. This solicitation has gotten a positive response from th e solicitations commission is as yet going through the commission forms. The core estimations of our organization are supported by the National Care Standards, which were set up under the Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001. This Act occurred to tweak the consideration and cultural work power and set out the principals of good consideration design. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to enlist, adjust, and investigate all consideration administrations recorded in the Act. It other than built up The Scottish Social Services Council ( SSSC ) . The SSSC has purposes and expects to ensure the administration clients, rise standards, reinforce, and bolster work power polished skill. There are six boss measures set down in National Care Standards that are at the Center of any consideration design. Pride â€Å"making individual feel commendable and impressive† as characterized in the Oxford English Dictionary. I ensure that I give dignity by regarding people for what their identity is. I perceive all people are unique and I am delicate and discerning of this. Protection and classification is the interest and right to security. The standard of classification among me and the administration client is based on basic respect and trust. Classification is farther strengthened by the Data Protection Act 1998. This permits our administration clients to perceive any data that is hung on them. I should ensure that this data is held immovably in a bolted file organizer. Any data I write in a movement program must be valid, authentic, and exact with my slants to be objective. Decision implies giving and elucidating various choices to people. I bolster our administration clients by elevating their entitlement to take. By offering they constrained choices that will elevate them to take a gander at positive choices inside a sheltered domain. Security implies that I should ensure my administration client when in my consideration, is shielded from injury and abuse. On the off chance that I speculate or see that injury and abuse has or is taking topographic point, against an assistance client, I should depict the occurrence in an Incident Report Form inside 36 hour of the scene to my line executive. I other than complete a danger examination signifier before any action. Increasing Potential guarantees that I should let my administration clients the chance to take to achieve things incredible and little inside their capacities. These core esteems are spoken to inside our organizations strategies and processs. To ensure customer wellbeing we have a Health and Safety Policywhich is intended to follow with the Health and Safety at work Act 1974. Danger Appraisals are utilized on an everyday balance before an action to ensure that the staff and customers are sheltered on the premises. We other than have Accident and Incident Reporting processs which are required under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrences Regulation 1995 ( RIDDOR ) , Social Security Regulations 1979 ( SRR ) , Data Protection Act, to be reportedin a proficient mode. I should complete significant signifiers and study to my line chief. On the off chance that an occasion requires portraying directly to RIDDOR the records ought to be kept solidly for in any event three mature ages. Our Equalities strategy consents to the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and 1986, the Race Relations Act of 1976 and the Race Relation Amendments Regulations of 2003, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Our association restricts all signifiers of treacherous and inappropriate partiality on the confirmations of shading material, race, confidence, nationality, cultural foundation, sex, sexual direction, wedding position, age and disablement. It other than advances the standard of equivalent possibilities in paid business, willful work, and administration stipulation. In spite of the fact that it is of import to utilize positive qualities inside my example, it is at times difficult to make so. Giving individual pick requests to be adjusted by guaranting that this pick is pro tected and positive. Giving Adults with Learning Disabilities too much numerous picks can do disarray and once in a while dread. So I give constrained positive picks to ensure this does non go on. Wellbeing issues can other than confine picks, as under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and National Care Standards it is of import that I ensure my customer is protected from injury and abuse. On the off chance that a peril evaluation shows that a movement is non fit to the customer due to security issues so the pick of making that particular action is diminished. The qualities clashing here are my customers health and security and his entitlement to pick. Protection and classification is managed in our Confidentiality strategy. Our association requires data about customers, voluntaries, staff different associations and our ain association. I am thus dedicated to guaranting that all data is put away securely which other than permits suitable recovery. Secret stuff must be kept in a bolted bureau. Volunteers are only ready to see documents â€Å"on an interest to cognize balance only† . PC dish is constrained to approved staff and data supported up. These arrangements are perfect with the Data Protection Act 1998.If a customer uncovers something to me and ask me non to state anybody so I should regard his/her needs as an undertaking of trust. Be that as it may, once in a while this can be hard, especially if abuse is uncovered. Under these fortunes I am obliged to state him/her that I get his/her interest for privacy, yet the fortunes expect me to rede my line chief in origin and that this will be in his/her best associations and to look for non to stress. The qualities clashing here are assurance from injury and abuse and secrecy. As we do non give a consideration administration, we are non required to enlist wit h the Care Commission, however we ensure every one of our strategies and processs meet their measures. As all customers under these rules are legitimately permitted an individualized consideration program, we on the other hand have a movement program. To ensure no preference happens the customer is evaluated using ( Ref1 ) PIES. We take into history, our customers Physical requests, Intellectual needs, Emotional necessities, and Social requests. Needs were first portrayed as requests for our continuance in the hypothetical record put frontward by ( Ref 2 ) Abraham Maslow, a Humanist Psychologist. He expressed that human requests can be masterminded in a stage stepping stool pyramid and that the lower degree requests must be fulfilled before higher degrees can be met. Get bringing down from the fundamental mental interest, so venturing out to wellbeing and security, cultural, regard, and self-acknowledgment. He recommended that non satisfying these necessities the individual could go crushed and sincerely hard-squeezed, with perchance poverty and emergency taking topographic point. He other than recommended that these requests must be met all together. Partiality as ( Ref3 ) characterized in the Collins word reference â€Å"is an outlandish disgrace of a curious gathering of individuals or things, or an affinity for a one gathering of individuals or things over another† . Preference is

Of Mice of Men :: Essays Papers

Mice of Men The epic Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, is around two farm hands, George and Lennie. George is a little, brilliant witted man, while Lennie is an enormous, intellectually impaired man. They are attempting to collect enough cash to purchase their own farm, by functioning as farm hands. During the setting of the story, they are at a farm whose owner’s name is Curley. It is in this setting the novel uncovers that the principle subject is demise and misfortune. Lennie incidentally slaughtering the entirety of his pets sets up that the subject of this novel is demise and misfortune. These pets comprise of mice, hounds, little cats, and so on. Lennie wants to feel and pet creatures, yet he doesn't have the foggiest idea about his own quality. He executes them without truly seeing what he has done, until George reveals to him that he accomplished something incorrectly. Subsequent to being reproved, Lennie is exceptionally contrite about what he did. Once, in the wake of being hollered at Lennie says, â€Å"I squeezed their heads a little and afterward they was dead-since they were nearly nothing (13).† Lennie’s regret is most likely more for upsetting George than it is for really slaughtering the creature. Another way that demise and misfortune is confirm by this novel is when Lennie slaughtered Curley’s spouse. When Lennie is in the animal dwellingplace (in the wake of executing his new little dog) Curley’s spouse came into the horse shelter and hit on Lennie. Lennie not comprehending what was occurring given her respite him access to contacting her hair. To Lennie it resembled petting some other creature. Curley’s spouse became bothered when Lennie got terrified and would not relinquish her hair. She began to shout and Lennie attempted to cup her mouth, which finished up in him murdering her. Lennie was really sorry after this activity. Not long after murdering her Lennie can be heard saying to himself, â€Å"I done a terrible thing. I done another terrible thing (121).† The last affirmation of the demise and misfortune topic happened to George, not Lennie. Subsequent to setting off to where George had advised him to go on the off chance that anything turned out badly, Lennie lays and trusts that George will come get him. What Lennie wasn’t expecting was George to accompany a group of farm hands with him.

How Long Does Dexedrine Stay in Your System

How Long Does Dexedrine Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print How Long Does Dexedrine Stay in Your System? Detection of Common ADHD Drug Depends on Many Variables By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 22, 2019 FatCamera / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The length of time that Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), a commonly prescribed medicine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), remains in your body can vary from one day to three months. The period may depend on each individuals metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, and health conditions. Generally, the drug remains in urine, blood, and saliva for up to two days. It can be detected in hair follicles for as long as three months. Timetable for Detecting Dexedrine Urine, blood, and saliva recycle through your system quickly. Hair follicles act like the rings on a tree trunk that record the seasons. Your hair can store metabolites or a molecular history of what your body has ingested over time. Type of Test Detection Window Urine Detectable for 1 to 2 days Blood Detectable for 1 to 2 days Saliva Detectable for 1 to 2 days Hair Follicle Detectable for up to 90 days What Is Dexedrine? Dexedrine is a central nervous system stimulant and type of amphetamine, also known by the brands Dextrostat  and ProCentra. Dexedrine is used as part of a treatment program to control symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. It is also used to treat narcolepsy.   Dexedrine works by making certain brain chemicals last longer in the parts of the brain that control attention and alertness. By making these areas more active, the drugs can help a person focus their attention. Surprisingly, stimulants can help calm a person with ADHD. Why Its Important to Take Dexedrine as Prescribed It is important to know how long Dexedrine remains in the system because taking too much can have negative consequences. The product comes with a warning that it can be habit-forming so it should not be taken in larger doses or for a longer time than prescribed. Although prescription stimulants have been shown to be relatively safe and effective in managing the symptoms, there exists a significant potential for misuse. Studies show that individuals with and without ADHD misuse stimulants to enhance performance. Although stimulants may improve an individuals performance when given a rote-learning task, they do not improve IQ or work as a smart pill.   People who use the medication may be tempted to take larger amounts of Dexedrine than prescribed to further control symptoms, however, this can have negative effects. These negative effects include difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, irritability, hyperactivity, or changes in personality or behavior. How Long Does It Take for ADHD Medication to Work? Symptoms of Dexedrine Overdose If you suspect someone is suffering from a Dexedrine overdose, seek immediate medical attention or call 9-1-1. Symptoms of Dexedrine overdose may include the following: VomitingAgitationUncontrollable shaking of a part of the bodyMuscle twitchingSeizuresLoss of consciousnessInappropriate happinessConfusionHallucinatingSweatingFlushingHeadacheFeverFast, pounding, or irregular heartbeatWidening of pupilsDry mouth or nose Heart Attack or Sudden Death Overusing Dexedrine can also cause serious heart problems or sudden death in children, teenagers, and adults, especially those with heart defects or serious heart problems. Additionally, Dexedrine has been known to cause stroke in adults. Managing Side Effects of ADHD Medications

Surveillance The Act Of Surveillance - 1526 Words

The act of Surveillance refers to continuous monitoring of activities of a particular area or a person. Mass Surveillance refers to monitoring activities of a sample population or target group. The video monitoring at malls or stores and the installed CCTV at traffic signals is also an act of mass surveillance. However, such surveillance has become important part of business operation or road safety management due to video recorded proof in case of any crime. We stand at an age where nothing is anymore private or personal in terms of data and information confidentiality. The world is torn apart in two, one who supports Mass Surveillance in the name of security and the other despises such surveillance as it is harmful to right to privacy. However, there has been cases where Mass Surveillance has been misused, especially by the government, and have caused intrusion of privacy of the public in general. Mass Surveillance gained its rise post 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States. I t was used in high frequency in order to monitor activities of suspected population and the act seems justified in a way as it was expected from the government to implement drastic scrutiny to prevent such grave attacks in the future. However, the secretive nature of such programs were exposed by Edward Snowden, a former contractor at National Security Agency in United States. The reaction of citizens and media were not favorable to the secretive programs of global surveillance as theyShow MoreRelatedThe Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesThe Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) was created by Congress in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978. The role of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court is to provide judicial oversight of Intelligence Community activities in a classified setting. It is composed of federal judges appointed by the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. The decisions of the court can be reviewed by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (FISCR) and theRead MoreThe Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act2036 Words   |  9 PagesDomestic Surveillance Citizens feeling protected in their own nation is a crucial factor for the development and advancement of that nation. The United States’ government has been able to provide this service for a small tax and for the most part it is money well spent. Due to events leading up to the terrifying attacks on September 11, 2001 and following these attacks, the Unites States’ government has begun enacting certain laws and regulations that ensure the safety of its citizens. From theRead MoreA Study of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act1503 Words   |  6 Pages FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVILLANCE ACT This act was created in 1978. It proposes methods for gaining judicial permission in order to carry out physical and technological search for a person, who might be a terrorist threat for USA, on behalf of a foreign power. In 1970, a man named Christopher H. Pyle discovered that the US army intelligence had hired 1500 officers whose job was to spy on protest or public demonstration that involved more than 20 people. This shocking news immediately capturedRead MoreVoyeurism and Surveillance: The Act of Performance Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pages(Barrett). This idea of the â€Å"surveillance society† strikes idea that these people are constantly being observed (London Evening Standard). It comments on the fact that the gaze influences the way that people portray themselves. In the United Kingdom, the cameras seem to provide mixed interpretation of the functionality in which it is debated as an invasion of privacy but at the same time, it offers a sense of safety and security by establishing that through surveillance that an individual must behaveRead MoreIs the Surveillance Aspect of The Patriot Act Constitutional?782 Words   |  3 PagesKnowledge is power, and with that power comes control a nd wealth. Any government would want to obtain through surveillance all the knowledge it can about its citizens and the Patriot Act does just that. The Patriot Act came about shortly after the 9/11 when the American public looked to the government for protection against future attacks. Many in congress did not have time to read nor thoroughly debate the legislation. Numerous times in the past the United States government has placed more emphasisRead MoreThe Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 ( Nsw )1841 Words   |  8 Pagesyour own workplace surveillance policy, in the near future. Please note that we will focus upon workplace ‘surveillance’ within the context of workplace privacy. This template of the policy and procedure outline also quotes the Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 (NSW) and is directly bound by this legislation. Every person has the right to privacy, and this right must be extended to the workplace. The following sub-sections contain a few clauses that must be in your surveillance policy; inclusive toRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 856 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Today, electronic surveillance remains one of the most effective tools the United States has to protect against foreign powers and groups seeking to inflict harm on the nation, but it does not go without a few possessing a few negative aspects either. Electronic surveillance of foreign intelligence has likely saved the lives of many innocent people through prevention of potential acts of aggression towards the United States. There are many pros to the actions authorized under the ForeignRead MoreMass Surveillance : An Act Of Tyranny Camouflaged As Humility2828 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Knowledge is power. Information is power. The secreting or hoarding of knowledge or information may be an act of tyranny camouflaged as humility.† - Robin Morgan With all the atrocities unfolding around us from the rise of ISIL to the recent Parliament Hill Shootings in Ottawa, it is easy for us to think - on impulse - that we need to do more to keep ourselves safe. It is easy for spy agencies to operate on the belief that they need to collect more of our information to fulfill their responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: Analysis, Pros and Cons1767 Words   |  8 PagesTHE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT: ANALYSIS, PROS AND CONS INTRODUCTION The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is an Act of Congress passed in 1978 and signed by the then President Jimmy Carter. The Act stipulates the procedures to be followed when obtaining intelligence from foreign powers and agents of foreign powers both physically and electronically. The Act has been amended severally. In 2001, it was amended to involve groups and terrorist organizations not supported by foreignRead MoreMass Surveillance Is Not A Justified Method Of Governmental Intelligence Gathering1664 Words   |  7 PagesResolution: Mass surveillance is not a justified method of governmental intelligence gathering. We define the term â€Å"surveillance†, as the act of carefully watching someone or something especially in order to prevent or detect a crime, as does Merriam - Webster’s dictionary. We will have three main contentions. First: anti-terrorism, second: cost-effective, and third: it does not affect people. Contention One: Anti-Terrorism. Mass surveillance prevents terrorism in many ways. First, Mass surveillance is just

Essay about Genetically Modified Foods Speech - 1295 Words

Genetically Modified Foods GENERAL GOAL: I want to inform my audience. SPECIFIC SPEECH GOAL: I would like to increase the audience’s knowledge of genetically modified foods, their history, and the controversy that it involves. THESIS STATEMENT: I want to inform my audience by explaining exactly what genetically modified foods are, as well as, there intended purpose, history, advantages, disadvantages and controversy surrounding them. Introduction I. Before you eat a meal or snack do you ever actually think about where it comes from, what is in it, and how it will affect your body? Most people these days consider eating to be a mindless act, especially when they are so busy with school, work, and other things. They eat foods that†¦show more content†¦It also is used in an effort to enhance the nutrition and flavor or foods. This process was discovered in 1980. B. Skip ahead to 2004, 8.25 million farmers in 17 countries produce genetically modified crops. The United States and Canada are the top 2 producers and some of the only countries that do not require the labeling of GMO foods. Transition Statement: So as you can see genetic modification has been around for a while so what is the big deal now? Some people will tell you there are many good reasons for GMOs, while many will give you a very different view. III. The Advantages versus the Disadvantages of GMOs. A. Supporters will tell you that GMOs help produce more nutritious tastier foods, disease and drought resistant plants, increased supply of food to help feed the world, reduced pesticide use, economic and environmental benefits, and reduced energy use. B. Those who oppose GMO’s will tell you the opposite. They say that GMOs are created in a lab with methods totally different from natural breeding methods. The say GMO’s can be toxic, allergenic, or less nutritious, they are not adequately regulated, and they actually increase pesticide use, as well as, create serious problems for farmers. C. Those opposed believe the only ones benefiting from GMO’s are big businesses like Monsanto. Monsanto’s company is the largest producer of herbicides, pesticides andShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech : Genetically Modified Foods986 Words   |  4 PagesKeyanna Ralph Professor Enslen SPC 1017 12 November 2015 Informative Speech Outline TOPIC: Genetically Modified Foods General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: At the end of my presentation, the audience will be informed on what genetically modified foods are, where they are found, and some of the controversial advantages, and disadvantages that are associated with them. Introduction Attention Getter and relate to audience: Before you eat a meal or snack do you ever actually think aboutRead MorePersuasive Speech : Genetically Modified Food1222 Words   |  5 Pagesproduction of genetically modified food. Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to take action against genetically modified food and realize the risks of GMO’s. INTRODUCTION A. Attention Gainer: What do you call a fish with no eyes?....a fsshhhh. Where do pencils go for vacation?.....Pencil-vania. What does a nosey pepper do? †¦.gets jalapeà ±o business. Jokes may be fun, but when it comes to genetically modified food there is no joking around. B. Reason to Listen: Genetically modified food can causeRead MoreGenetically Modified Food Speech Essay examples1369 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Affects of Genetically Modified Food Topic: Genetic modified foods Specific Purpose: To inform about GM foods, the hazards and the reason they should be labeled Thesis Statement: Today I want to inform about GM foods INTRODUCTION Attention Material : How awesome would it be if your pet glowed in the dark? Or your family had a zebra-dog? How about a family dog that could take out the entire neighborhood in one lick? Now how about owning this dairy cow? Looks normal but its not. AllRead MorePersuasive Speech: Why We Should Abandon Genetically Modified Food1580 Words   |  7 PagesPersuasive Speech: Genetically Modified Food We all enjoy a cold glass of milk with homemade cookies, a refreshing pop on a hot summer day, and a juicy cob of corn in the summer months. But, do we ever wonder what is really in our food? Because genetically modified foods do not have to be labeled, you will likely never know if the food you are consuming is genetically modified. As a fellow member of the Organic Consumers Association, I am eager to inform you of why genetically modified food is an issueRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Food844 Words   |  4 Pages Do you know exactly what is in the food you eat every day? Do you read the food labels every time you eat different food? Are companies, factories, or stores stating the truth when they claim that their food is â€Å"organic† or â€Å"natural†? The answer is probably no, unless you really are interested in what you eat. But for the most part, a great majority of the population in this country have no idea what is in their food. Most of them probably don’t even know what the definition of the word â€Å"organic†Read MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Food System1684 Words   |  7 Pages or â€Å"genetically modified organisms,† are plants or animals that have been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses or other plants and animals. These experimental combinations of genes from different species cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding. There are currently eight Genetically modified organisms available in grocer y stores across America, they are cotton, alfalfa, papaya, squash, soybeans, canola, corn and sugar beets. Many believe putting genetically modifiedRead MoreInformative Speech : Genetically Modified Organisms1535 Words   |  7 PagesJenna Persky Persuasive Speech Outline Topic: GMOs (genetically modified organisms) Audience: Speech class of students ranging from freshman to seniors, some may have prior knowledge of GMOs. General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the people to stop eating GMO’s and eat organically. Thesis Statement: These human and environmental consequences are what lead people to eat organically. Today, there are a few points I would like to discuss with you all. 1) Introduction A) AttentionRead MoreInformative Speech Outline : Genetically Modified Organisms886 Words   |  4 Pages2016 Informative Speech Outline: Genetically Modified Organisms Introduction I. Open with impact: A. 1,996 pounds, or nearly one ton. This is an estimate of how much — by weight — the average American eats over the course of one year. II. Thesis Statement: In fact, the food industry states that 75-80 percent of foods contain genetically modified ingredients, and I am here today to give you information about them. III. Audience Connection: A. In simplest terms, we all consume food. Therefore, we areRead MoreBeing A Human Race : Genetically Modified Organisms1493 Words   |  6 Pagesabout are genetically modified organisms, also known as GMOs. When we think of GMOs, we think of manipulative ways to change DNA in organisms using technology. This is partially correct except for the fact that we humans have been genetically modifying organisms for a long time. According to Abbie Goldbas in her 2014 article, humans have genetically modified animals about 12,000 BCE by choosing the best features for making crops or traits preferred in livestock (Golbas 2014). Genetically manipulatingRead MoreGmo Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesPeople should be given the facts they need to make an informed choice, to have the right to choose, and to have the right to be heard. The lack of a mandatory labeling law on genetically modified organisms violates all three of those essential rights by not allowing consumers to truly understand what they are consuming. A survey by the National Research Center with a margin of

L1 Languange Acquisition Theory Free Essays

string(219) " refers to conditioning in which the organism\( a human being\) emits a response, or operant\( a sentence or utterance\), without necessarily observable stimuli; that operant is maintained\( learned\) by reinforcement\." Language is closely related to the human mind. The human mind, however, is very difficult to study, as it cannot be observed directly. But it leaves its traces everywhere, particularly in language. We will write a custom essay sample on L1 Languange Acquisition Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Language has been a window of the mind. Many people have tried to discern the workings of the mind from the growth of children. Psycholinguists are concerned with the mental processes that are involved in learning to speak, and are also interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which children must have in order to use language and to learn to use language in childhood.Is language innate or is it learned after birth? Is there any biological foundation for language? How do children acquire their first language? These and other issues have the focus of interests and research to applied linguists, psycholinguists and language teachers. L1 acquisition theories are the attempted explanations for these unanswered questions. 1. Major Modern First Language Acquisition Theories How do children acquire language is at the center of the debate. Learning theorists such as Skinner maintained (1957)that language is acquired through reinforcement. Chomsky (1959 )argued that language was far too complex to be learned so completely in such a short space of time, by cognitively immature toddlers(baby, child), merely by reinforcement. He argued that the neonate arrives equipped with a LAD. This contains a set of rules common to all languages and allows children to learn any language which they are exposed to. Slobin (1985) suggested a similar innate device—the LMC (language making capacity). The interactionists perspective suggests that a combination of biological and cognitive factors plus linguistic environment are all necessary for the acquisition of language.Basically we shall discuss two schools of thoughts on the issue of language acquisition here. The question of how children acquire their first language is answered quite differently by the two schools of theories. The school of behavioristic theory believes that the infant’s mind at birth is a blank slate to be written on by experience. With regard to language, it claims that children acquire their L1 through a chain of stimulus-response-imitation-reinforcement. The other school of thoughts is based on the innateness hypothesis.People who hold the cognitive view believe that human babies are somewhat predisposed to acquire a language. They say that there are aspects of linguistic organization that are basic to human brain and that make it possible for human children to learn a language with all its complexity with little or no instruction from family or friends. The nature of language acquisition is still an open question and people are still probing the nature of the innateness of infant’s mind. 2. Brief History of Modern L1 Acquisition Research 1. Modern research on child language acquisition dates back to the late 18th when the German philosopher recorded his observation of the psychological and linguistic development of his young son. 2. Most of the studies carried out between the 1920s and 1950s were limited to diary like recordings of observed speech with some attempts to classify word types, and simply accounts of changes from babbling to the first word and descriptions of the growing vocabulary and sentence length. 3.Most observers regarded language development as a matter of imitation, practice, and habituation. 4. It was not until the 1960s that the study of L1 acquisition received a new major ‘impetus largely because of the Chomsky’s revolution and the creation of the generative grammar. Researchers began to analyze child language systematically and tried to discover the nature of the psycholinguistic process that enables every human being to gain a fluent control of the exceedingly complex system of communication. 5.In a matter of(about) a few decades of language some giant strides were taken, especially in the generative and cognitive model of language, in describing the nature of child language acquisition and the acquisition of particular languages, and in probing universal aspects of acquisition. 3. L1 Acquisition Theories: A Behavioristic Perspective L1 acquisition theories can roughly be divided into two major groups: behavioristic and cognitive. Behaviorists contend that language is a fundamental part of total human behavior. Behaviorists learning theories describe and explain behavior using a SR model. The basic tenet of behaviorism is that human beings can not know anything they have not experienced and children and adults learn language through a chain of ‘stimulus-response reinforcement’. Since one can not look inside a living organism, one can not observe its internal states. Hence one can not know anything about them. Any statements one makes about internal states or process are meaningless. Each organism is regarded as a black box that can not be opened for observation.The only meaningful statements one can make about the organism concern what goes into it (stimulus) and what comes out of it (response). The goal of behaviorists, therefore, is to discover and create predictable relationships between stimulus and response. Since they regard language as a basic part of total human behavior, they try to explain L1 acquisition process strictly in accordance with their basic tenet, focusing on the observable aspects of language behavior and their relationships or associations with the objects, events or states of affairs in the world.Some Basic Features of Behavioral Model Pavlov/ Skinner —focus on outwardly observable behavior like structural linguists. —language is a function of reinforcement. —learning is formed through stimili-response-reinforcer. —language is learned through environmental conditioning and imitation of adult models. —language acquisition is a process of habit-formation. — focuses on the immediately perceptible aspects of linguistic behavior—the publicly observable responses and relationships or associations between those responses and events in the world around. –Children are conditioned to learn language. Their parents reinforce and model good grammar and vocabulary use. —A behaviorist might consider effective language behavior to be the production of correct responses to stimuli. If a particular response is reinforced, it then becomes habitual, or conditioned. Two Main Representatives of Behaviorism Classic Behaviorism (Ivan Pavlov) Classic conditioning: the learning process consisted of the formation of associations between stimuli and reflexive responses. Neo-behaviorism (Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)Operant conditioning refers to conditioning in which the organism( a human being) emits a response, or operant( a sentence or utterance), without necessarily observable stimuli; that operant is maintained( learn ed) by reinforcement. You read "L1 Languange Acquisition Theory" in category "Papers" I t is learning from the consequences. Operant behavior is behavior in which one operates on environment â€Å"Operant† is used because the subject operates or causes some changes in the environment, producing a result that influences whether it will operate in the same way in the future. So verbal behavior is controlled by its consequences.Reinforcement can be defined as a stimulus or event that affects the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. The nature of the reinforcement depends on the effect it has on the leaner. Criticisms of Behavioristic Theory of Language Acquisition No one denies the fact that behaviorism has made its due and early contributions to the development of child language acquisition theory. It emphasized the important and necessary roles of imitation, reinforcement, repetition, and practice in the process of language acquisition. But abstract nature of language shows that it not only contains verbal behaviors but an underlying and rule-governed system. First, in language acquisition, child often creates his own linguistic rules. The best example is that child over generalizes the grammatical rule of forming past regular verbs with ed and extends it to all irregular verbs and creates verbs like goed, comed, breaked, which, of course, are not the result of imitation of the adult’s language. Child’s generation of rules indicates that he creates his own rules and has his hypotheses tested in his LAD.Secondly, what child acquires is abstract language system, i. e. competence rather concrete performances to which he is exposed. There is no doubt that any sentence contains both surface and a deep structure. Although sometimes, surface structures of two sentences are the same, the meaning of the deep structures is completely different. The same surface structure and different meanings prove that a child can never understand the difference in meaning by imitating the two surface structures unless he goes deep into the underlying structures.Thirdly, since language is difficult and complicated, a child has to learn its structures and build his communicative competence. Adults can never teach the communicative functions of the language to the child. The drawbacks of the behavioristic acquisition theory are obvious; linguists are still in search of a theory that provides an overall and effective explanation to the child language acquisition. 1. L1 Acquisition Theories: A Cognitive Perspective Behaviorism, with its emphasis on empirical observation and the scientific experimentation, can not account for a vast domain of language acquisition that can only be explored by a deeply probing approach—the cognitive approach. Cognitive theory of L1 acquisition emphasizes the mental and psychological process and importance of cognition, thus opening a new horizon for L1 acquisition study. (1) Innateness Theory â€Å" †? This theory, also known as the nativist approachâ€Å" †? , is represented by Chomsky, Mcneill and Lenneberg.Chomsky attacked behavioristic theory of language learning and reasserted the mentalist views of L1acquisition. Chomsky stressed the active contribution of the child and minimized the importance of imitation and reinforcement. Nativists strongly held that language acquisition is innately determined, that human beings are born with a build-in device of some kind that predisposes us to l anguage acquisition, resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language. The child is born with the innate knowledge of language. This innate knowledge, according to Chomsky, is embodied in a â€Å"little black box† of sorts which Chomsky called language acquisition device or LAD. He assumes that the LAD probably consists of three elements—linguistic universals, a hypothesis making device, and an evaluation procedure. The so-called LAD has a number of linguistic universals, or universal grammar (UG) in store. It also has a hypothesis-making device, which is an unconscious process and enables the child to make hypotheses about the structure of language in general, and about the structure of language learning in particular.The hypotheses that the child subconsciously sets up are tested in its use of language, and continuously matched with the new linguistic input that the child obtains by listening to what is said in his immediate environment. This causes the child’s hypotheses about the structure of language to be changed and adapted regularly, through the evaluation procedure, and through a process of systematic changes towards the adult rule system. This view of the language learning process stresses the mental activities of the language learner himself and strongly questions the relevance f such external factors as imitation, frequency of stimulus and reinforcement. A child learns not through imitation but by creative hypothesis testing. For example, he hears a lot of hypotheses but only chooses what he needs and creatively produces the language of his own. Contrasting Child Language Input and Output Utterances a child hears Utterances a child produces 1. Pass me the milk. 2. Give me the milk. 3. Get me the milk. 4. Want some milk. 5. Drink some milk. 1. Mommy, milk. 6. Take the milk. 7. Taste the milk. 2. Milk. 8. There is no milk. 9. Milk, over there. 10.Milk, please. Some Basic Features of Innateness Theory / Nativist Approach Chomsky, Mcneill and Lenneberg —Language acquisition is innately determined, that we are born with a unique, biologically based ability of some kind that predisposes us to language acquisition—to a systematic perception of language around us, resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language. —Children are born with a special language learning mechanism in their brain called LAD. —Children can acquire grammatical rules subconsciously, with which they can generate an infinite number of sentences ith new meanings.A Summary of Innateness Theory / Nativist Approach In summary, mentalist views of L1 acquisition posited the following points: 1. language is a human-specific faculty. (ability) 2. language exists as an independent faculty in the human mind. Although it is part of the learner’s total cognitive apparatus , it is separated from the general cognitive mechanisms responsible for intellectual development. 3. the primary determinant of L1 acquisition is the child’s acquisition device, which is genetically endowed and provides the child with a set of principles about grammar. . the acquisition device ‘atrophies with age. 5. the process of acquisition consists of hypothesis-testing, by which means the grammar of the learner’s mother tongue is related to the principles of the universal grammar. But there are still some problems of Innateness Theory / Nativist Approach to L1 acquisition. The problem is that we could not prove the existence of LAD and the generative rules only deal with the forms of language and fail to account for the functions of language. Three Contributions of Nativistic Theories of L1 Acquisition Nativistic theories of child language acquisition have made at least three important contributions to the understanding of the L1 acquisition process. First, they accounted for the aspects of meaning, the abstractness of language, and the creativity in the child’s use of language. Secondly, they have freed L1 acquisition study from the restrictions of the so-called â€Å"scientific method† of behaviorism and begun to explore the unseen, unobservable, underlying, invisible, abstract linguistic structures being developed in the child in the L1 acquisition process.Thirdly, it has begun to describe the child’s language as a legitimate, rule-governed, consistent system. Psychological and linguistic experiments have found that one-week old babies can distinguish sounds in French from those in Russian. The reason that linguistic competence is based on human genes is asserted, and this finding seemed to suppor t Chomsky’s hypothesis of LAD existence. (2). Cognitive Theory. â€Å" †? The cognitive theory, represented by Slobin, Piaget and Bloom, attempted to account for the linguistic knowledge of the child by a more general theory of cognitive development.Slobin provides a more detailed account of the language acquisition process with the broad outlines of cognitive theory of language development. He suggests that language acquisition is in the same order with the conceptual development of the child. Language development is paced by the growth of conceptual and communicative capacities, operating in connection with innate schema of cognition. Cognitive development has great impact on the linguistic development, which, in turn, will affect conceptual formation.Jean Piaget is another cognitive psychologist who made a thorough renovation to the concept of children’s development of language and thought. In fact, he developed the experimental methodology for exploring children’s thought and studied systematically thought and logic of children. His study proved that the differences in thought between children and adults are of quality rather than of quantity. According to Piaget, language ability never develops earlier than cognitive ability. Human beings has two organizations one is functional invariants, ,in Piaget’s terminology, which determine how man and his environment react mutually and how man learns from environment.Another is cognitive structure, which is the outcome of the mutual reaction between functional invariants and environment. It is the functional invariants that are the central part of language acquisition. Many research findings proved that two facts are evident in the child language acquisition. Some Basic Features of Cognitive Theory –Child language growth is paced with the cognitive development of the concept and communicative ability —Linguistic and cognitive development keeps up the same pace and has interdependence. —emphasize the interaction of the child’s perceptual and cognitive development with linguistic and nonlinguistic events in his environment. We can never study the L1 acquisition thoroughly without considering the mental development of children in the first place. The formation of concept reflects the degrees of mental maturity. L1 acquisition depends on mental development.With the acquisition of concept, language acquisition enters from single-word phase to double-word phase, and later on to discourse. Intellectual development enables children to discard consciously what is unacceptable in a language community and assimilate what is acceptable. Finally children establish an internalized acceptable grammar system. Tips from child first language acquisition: 1. A man is bound to acquire a new language only if he is physically normal and grown up in a proper speech community. 2. Adults learn a second language in much the same way as a child acquires his mother tongues. . In language teaching, practice must be emphasized, sometimes reinforced practice needed. ( pattern drills , rehearsal ,substitution exercises etc. are necessary. ) 4. Language learning appears a matter of imitation, but imitation alone is inadequate for acquiring a language. 5. There is a natural order in acquiring a language. Stages of Child’s Acquisition of First Language During the process of L1 acquisition, child develops his native language in a more or less stage-like pattern. Different children of different nations usually undergo 4 similar and general phases of language development.Babbling, single-word utterance, double-word utterance and discourse. The numbering of these stages is quite arbitrary and varies from author to author. Based on the newest internet research data, child L1 development can be divided into 6 stages. 1. Pre-linguistic Period — the Babbling Stage ( — ) Crying is the child’s earliest vocalization. a. cooing, crying (heard by 3 months ) —a velar consonants such as /k/ and /g/ —high vowels such as /i/ and /u/ b. babbling (heard by 6 months ) —long sequences of consonants and vowels —syllables an be identified —intonation pattern can be heard —not linked to immediate needs —often uttered in isolation for pleasure —provides practice for later speech 2. Acquisition of Concept of the World —a child sees the world as the link between sound and meaning —words vary in the pronunciation: sounds which differ most are learnt first; consonants which are similar are learned last. 3. Holophrastic Stage —the Single Word Stage ( — ) —single words become more than just labels —intonation may be of question, command, request†¦ 4.Telegraphic Stage— the Double Utterance Stage and the Stage of Developing Grammar (18 months ) —words have been multiplied considerably and are beginning to appear in combination with each other to form two-word and three-word â€Å"sentences†. 5. Linguistic Behavior and Speech Capacity ( about age 3 ) —comprehend an incredible quantity of linguistic behavior —speech capacity expands —use of logical connections —become a â€Å"fluent† speaker —form good communicative skills 6. Social Functions of Language ( school age) —learn how to use language appropriately —learn to use language in social contexts How to cite L1 Languange Acquisition Theory, Papers

The Republic Of Pakistan (Speech) Essays - IndiaPakistan Relations

The Republic of Pakistan (Speech) Thank You, ladies and gentlemen. Now, we, The Republic of Pakistan, as we feel it is our sole responsibility to do so, would hereby like to take this opportunity to inform and educate you of our current situation... We would like to show you what has happened with ourselves and India, what were the reasons and causes, and what we would like to do. I hope that you would listen carefully as is this is a very important issue to address.. Almost 50 years (half a century, ladies and gentlemen) For the last fifty years, there has been debates on settle of Kashmir. We, The Republic of Pakistan, firmly believe that we deserve the right of ownership, while India claims otherwise. Both of us want full ownership of all of Kashmir. For the last 2, two years, has there been constant war in Kashmir concerning this regard. India has yet sent over 200,000 troops to torture, kill, rape, slaughter, and burn (yes burn), innocent bystanders. Now, we would like this to an absolute and complete stop! Kashmir is a beautiful place: It contains many attractive site for tourists with luxuries architectural buildings and beautiful surroundings. Also, it possesses many, many natural and agricultural resources which can be of great use. At present, India is destroying both of these great features. We WANT INDIA to acknowledge the harm they have done to, and indeed, take proper responsibility! They have damaged property which they have not even yet claimed. They have killed hundreds of men and women. They are destroying both our and their society, and we want them to STOP! This, ladies and gentlemen, is absorb. We, The Republic of Pakistan, on the other hand, want to take a rational approach towards the remedy. A approach which is to everyone logical liking as follows: We live in a democracy, do we not, ladies and gentlemen? Pakistan is a democracy. And what is a democracy? A democracy is a state of government where the dominant number of people favouring a certain movement, must have the right to that movement. This, however, is NOT being done! The Prime Minister of Kashmir is Hindu, and thus wants to be with India (since we know India is mainly full of Hindus). Pakistan and India were separated into these to religious classes, and since the beginning, India has been at Pakistan with hate. The Prime Minister is taking advantage of his power, and is not abiding by law. He decides what needs be done, regardless of what the people think. But ladies and gentlemen, the population MUST have the right to choose. From our studies, we have found the majority of the population is wanting to side with us. All we ask, is that a proper and fare election be held to rectify the situation. And if be the outcome to side with India, then we will understand. BUT IF BE THE OUTCOME TO SIDE WITH US, then INDIA MUST ABIDE! Furthermore, we ask that a outsider who is not connected with this situation, be a supervisor SO THAT INDIA CANNOT CHEAT, AS THEY HAVE DONE IN THE PAST! The United Nations Observation Team should of course be involved in this matter, however, we would like yet another outside source to view the situation at hand. This way, there will be less misunderstandings, less mistakes, and be best for all. Moreover, Narsimah Rao (the Prime Minister of India) is unwilling to negotiate. Upon our numerous attempts, we were unsuccessful to convince him of compromise. This attitude is very disturbing, and therefore the actions clarified by Pakistan in the resolution submitted, should be well considered. Now, listen, ladies and gentlemen: Do we not want to stop wars? Do we not want to stop harming our society as much as we already have? Is the world not full of so many wars than need be? THEN, it is the responsibility of the United Nations to grant us, The Republic of Pakistan, this small request. Let us all live in peace, and let no situation as absorb as the aforementioned be repeated again. I thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for listening to us thus far. And we sincerely hope that you understand our concern, AND willingness to rectify the situation as previous mentioned. All our intentions are fair and laid out clearly, we only hope you decide to give us the opportunity to stop the chaos. Thank You.

Characteristics of Perchlorate

Characteristics of Perchlorate Sources of perchlorate Perchlorate is a chemical that occurs naturally, although it may as well be man-made. In addition, perchlorate can also be found in some fertilizers and in bleach. It has found wide application in the manufacture of fireworks, flares, rocket fuel, and explosives1. Many of the sites where perchlorate can be found occurring naturally are, by and large, limited to the arid areas. Such deposits are largely low concentration.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Characteristics of Perchlorate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, man-made sources of perchlorate are mainly highly concentrated in comparison with the natural sources. Sites with high levels of perchlorate contamination are mainly involved in the production, testing, and disposal of perchlorate compounds and solid rocket propellants. Others include industrial production sites that use perchlorate compounds as reagents2. EPA response for regulating and remediation The Safe Drinking Water Act gives the EPA the mandate to regulate perchlorate. Peer review reports by various public health experts and independent scientists as well have played a key role in influencing the decision y the EPA to impose a regulation on perchlorate. The new decision by the EPA would be a reversal of the 2008 preliminary determination3. It takes into account the over 39,000 comments from members of the public regarding multiple public notices on perchlorate3. This action is an attempt to create awareness among interested parties on the decision reached by the EPA on regulating perchlorate. Nonetheless, the action does not in any way try to impose any public water systems (PWS) requirements4. On the other hand, this action has laid the framework for the designing and the development of a primary drinking water regulation at the national level (NPDWR). Following the finalization of the NPDWR, a number of PWSs could be forced to make an effort to abide by the requirements in line with the program required by the regulation5. In addition, the EPA also intends to create a drinking water standard that will take care of about 16 toxic chemicals that have been noted to pose a danger top human health. The aim of the EPA is to continue assessing the health effects of perchlorate, along with the science behind their occurrence in public water systems. Moreover, the EPA intends to embark on a project aimed at examining the affordability and feasibility of treatment technologies aimed at removing perchlorate. The agency shall also assess the benefits and costs of potential standards. Risk potential Sufficient doses of perchlorate can interfere with the normal operations of the thyroid gland. Perchlorate disrupts the transportation of iodide into the thyroid gland, in effect reducing iodide availability that is necessary for the manufacture of thyroid hormones. These hormones are vital for normal growth, metabolis m and development.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pregnant women are especially at a greater risk of thyroid hormone synthesis disruption2. Others include the developing fetuses, newly-born infants, young children, and also person with low thyroid hormones levels (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection). On the basis of such a potential concern, the EPA has deemed it necessary to propose a formal rule. The process shall entail the reception of feedback from important stakeholders in addition to the provision of any formal rule to members of the public via a comment process 3. It is important to note that exposure to sufficient doses of perchlorate may result in adverse health effects similar to those brought about by iodine deficiency among humans. When there is not enough intake of iodine in the diet, the individual in question suffers from a decline in the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone. Based on the severity of such an iodine deficiency, the individual in question can manifest such effects as impairment in behavior, speech, vision, movement, physical development, hearing, and intelligence4. Scientists also contend that sufficient doses of perchlorate can interfere with the ability of the thyroid gland to synthesize hormones vital for the development of both fetuses and infants1. Monitoring data reveals that over 4 percent of public water systems contain detectable levels of perchlorate. In addition, the same data indicates that between 5 and 17 million individuals are at risk of drinking water containing sufficient levels of perchlorate. Standards set by states such as California and Massachusetts In Massachusetts, the MassDEP is in the process of commissioning a drinking water standard. The new standard will ensure that the maximum contaminant level of perchlorate in drinking water does not exceed 2 ppb3. It is i mportant to appreciate that the new promulgation shall be the first veer drinking water standards in the country for perchlorate. Furthermore, the Massachusetts Contingency Plan is also in the process of establishing perchlorate groundwater and soil standards to facilitate the cleaning up exercise of hazardous waste sites. Also, MassDEP plans to adopt a reference dose to facilitate risk assessment at specific sites. The state of California also regulates perchlorate as a contaminant in drinking water1. In this case, 6 micrograms per liter is the recommended maximum contaminant level of perchlorate in the state of California.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Characteristics of Perchlorate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References 1. California Department of Toxic Substances Control, â€Å"Perchlorate â€Å", Last modified September 1, 2007, dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate/ 2. Isa, Jalil, â€Å"EPA To Develop Regulation for Perchlorate and Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water.† Environmental Protection Agency, Last modified February 02, 2011, http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/634884579f4cc5d8525782b004d81ae!Open 3. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. â€Å" Frequently Asked Questions: Perchlorate†. n.d, mass.gov/dep/toxics/pchlorqa.htm 4. Trumpolt, Clayton et al. â€Å"Perchlorate: Sources, Uses, and Occurrences in the Environment.†Wiley Periodicals, Last modified December 20, 2005, http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/CLEANUP.NSF/PH/Arkema+Technical+Documents/$FILE/Perchlorate-Sources-Occurance-In-The-Environment.pdf 5. United States Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"Perchlorate†. Last modified March 06, 2012, http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm Bibliography California Department of Toxic Substances Control. â€Å"Perchlorate. â€Å" California  Department of Tox ic Substances Control. Last modified September 1, 2007. dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate/ Isa, Jalil. â€Å"EPA To Develop Regulation for Perchlorate and Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water.† Environmental Protection Agency. Last modified February 02, 2011. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/634884579f4cc5d8525782b004d81ae!OpenAdvertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions: Perchlorate†. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Last modified June12, 2006. mass.gov/dep/toxics/pchlorqa.htm Trumpolt, Clayton et al. â€Å"Perchlorate: Sources, Uses, and Occurrences in the Environment.†Wiley Periodicals. Last modified December 20, 2005. http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/CLEANUP.NSF/PH/Arkema+Technical+Documents/$FILE/Perchlorate-Sources-Occurance-In-The-Environment.pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"Perchlorate.† United States  Environmental Protection Agency. Last modified March06, 2012. http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm

Civil Rights of a Fetus - Law, Philosophy and Religion

Civil Rights of a Fetus - Law, Philosophy and Religion The Roe majority ruling of 1973 holds that the government has a legitimate interest in protecting potential human life, but that this does not become a compelling state interestoverriding the womans Fourteenth Amendment right to privacy, and her subsequent right to terminate her pregnancyuntil the point of viability, then assessed at 24 weeks. The Supreme Court did not state that viability is or is not when a fetus becomes a person; just that this is the earliest point at which it can be proven that the fetus has the capacity to have a meaningful life as a person. The Planned Parenthood v. Casey Standard In the Casey ruling of 1992, the Court scaled back the viability standard from 24 weeks to 22 weeks. Casey also holds that the state may protect its profound interest in potential life so long as it does not do so in a way that has the intent or effect of posing an undue burden on the womans right to terminate a pregnancy prior to viability. In Gonzales v. Carhart (2007), the Supreme Court held that a ban on live intact DX (partial birth) abortions does not violate this standard. In Fetal Homicide Statutes Laws that treat the murder of a pregnant woman as a double murder arguably affirm fetal rights in a statutory manner. Because the attacker has no right to terminate the womans pregnancy against her will, it could be argued that the states interest in protecting potential life is unrestricted in cases of fetal homicide. The Supreme Court has not ruled on the matter of whether fetal homicide, on its own, may constitute grounds for capital punishment. Under International Law The only treaty that specifically grants rights to fetuses is the American Convention on Human Rights of 1969, signed by 24 Latin American countries, which states that human beings have rights beginning at the moment of conception. The United States is not a signatory to this treaty. The treaty does not require that signatories ban abortion, according to the most recent binding interpretation. In Philosophy Most philosophies of natural rights would hold that fetuses have rights when they become sentient or self-aware, which presumes a neurophysiological definition of personhood. Self-awareness as we generally understand it would require substantial neocortical development, which seems to occur at or near week 23. In the premodern era, self-awareness was most often presumed to occur at quickening, which generally takes place around the 20th week of pregnancy. In Religion Religious traditions holding that personhood rests in the presence of a non-physical soul differ with respect to the question of when the soul is implanted. Some traditions hold that this occurs at the moment of conception, but most hold that this occurs much later in the pregnancy, at or near quickening. Religious traditions that do not include belief in a soul do not generally tend to define fetal personhood in explicit terms. The Future of Fetal Rights The conundrum posed by abortion rests in the tension between a womans right to terminate her pregnancy and the potential rights of the potential human being. Medical technologies currently under development, such as fetal transplantation and artificial wombs, could one day eliminate this tension, deprecating abortion in favor of procedures that terminate the pregnancy without harming the fetus.

Is Globalization good for the poor people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is Globalization good for the poor people - Essay Example Part of the reason for the recent boom in the Estonian economy has been attributed to the numerous reforms and liberalization policies that have been initiated. Most of the ideas in this direction were suggested by the late Nobel prize winning economist, Milton Friedman. The changes put in place have resulted in it becoming one of the most integrated and freest economies in the world. In the globalization index of 2007, Estonia was placed in the 10th position under the most integrated economies suggesting a massive transformation from its communist past. The country was virtually bankrupt during the 1990s with a high rate of inflation and soaring unemployment rates. By opening itself up to the outside world, Estonia has abolished corporate income tax and bureaucracy is no longer a hindrance to government clearances. In a way, the government has acted as a very thin filter to corporate functioning thereby helping in the smooth and easy conduct of business. Estonia is presently places at 17 among a group of 175 economies in terms of the ease of doing business sixth in terms of feasibility in trade across borders. There is no cap on foreign ownership that has encouraged investments in all major sectors of the economy. Estonia is currently places at 21 for technological connectivity although these figures are expected to improve in the coming years. The country is also increasingly involved in the use of information channels for communication with many of the government functions including voting now possible through the Internet. All such changes have prompted it to be dubbed as ‘E-Stonia’ after the recent general elections were held over the web. Apart from all the above measures, it is also important for the presence of an able administration that is bold and determined to making changes that will necessitate the opening up to trade

Case 1 paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Case 1 paper - Essay Example From the data in Tables A, B, C, E, F, and I, sufficient information was obtained to forecast revenue and cost for the business and for the Coors wholesale business being contemplated. Analysis of the initial customer, the industry demand, projections in market share, investments and costs, including a break-even analysis were conducted. The study concludes that Larry should take the opportunity to apply for the contract, and should not spend more than about $6,800 in availing of information from Manson. The principal problem which this analysis addresses is whether or not Larry Brownlow should apply for the Coors wholesale distributorship for a two-county area in Southern Delaware. The determining criteria for this is will be the fixed and variable cost study and the break-even analysis at the end of discussion, but also considered are the targeted customers, industry demand, market share, investments, and costs incurred. The secondary problem is to determine which research would be source from Manson and Associates to support a decision for the market potential of a Coors beer wholesale distributorship, but at the same time minimize the cost of acquiring this information. The industry demand is arrived at through the per capita approach and the taxes paid approach. The per capita approach involves the calculation of overall consumption in the industry, based on the historical data on the consumption per person and the growth of the target segment of the population that consumes the product. In Table 1 below are shown the US and Delaware per capita (i.e. per head or per person) consumption, while Table 2 shows the growth of the population in the two counties which comprise the market area. By multiplying the rate of consumption per person in Table 1 with the corresponding number of persons estimated in Table 2, then the result (in Table 3) is the estimated total consumption in units. This describes the total industry demand for the

The Effectiveness Of Election Campaigns

The Effectiveness Of Election Campaigns If there is one specific topic that has generated the most resounding growing political research in the study of voter behavoiur and election outcome, then it must be Do campaign matter? Decades of voting researches have explored this topic either as a co-relation between the effects of campaign on election outcome in new political perspectives or as a critique to the earliest voting behavoiur studies, whatever the rationale for investigation may be, it has ushered the emergence of a new political phenomenon. This essay would be explored from a typical two sided scholarly perspectives either to argue for or against the significances of election campaign in any political entity. Although this style of discussion would offer in-depth and broader academic resources for clearer understanding but may not be able to sufficiently examine the dimension and dynamics of campaigns in political phenomenon because of the limited time constraint. Also this study intends to draw a clearer picture between the importance and irrelevance of campaigns in cognizance of its relationship with some other socio cultural influences providing the liberty of the readers to take academic position on the argument SUPPORT OF CAMPAIGN Even though the literature of campaigning is unlikely minimal among the academic players, entirety of campaign have been eulogized as a key influence on election outcome and voting behavoiur amongst political actors. This view is supported by Holbrook (1996) as he argues that campaign enjoys continuous recognition from other political actors (voters, candidates and parties) but the scholarly community have shown less interest in campaign effects rather concentrated on the sociological and partisan identification, incumbency and its performances, candidate popularity as the essential factors which influence election outcome creating the emergence of the minimal effects of campaign by the earliest political scientist such as Berelson, Lazarsfeld and McPhee, 1954; Campbell et al., 1960 This position of argument influenced series of subsequent campaign researches which tend to primarily define the minimal effect of campaign as it merely activates voters prevailing partisan sentiments, thereby necessarily ignores a variety of other highly relevant campaign effects. Ironically, It is interesting to know how this minimal effects of campaign could create marginal changes in the voter participation can upturn the election outcome Considering the continuous transformation of the political institution, some political scientists ( Iyengar and Simon 2000) have argued that election outcome in any political environment are always shaped by interplay of many factors in which they may not be individually measured. Thus, they argue that assessing election outcome through the singular premise of campaign is unjustified because campaigns are part of the political processes which are traditionally focused on influencing voting decision by conveying certain impression about candidate or political parties In relation to this position, Ornstein and Mann 2000 in his descriptive analysis of the behavioral attitudes of campaigning defined it as a self centered, continual and persuasive political activity that gives the much needed relevance to the retrospective loyalties of the voter which reactivates them to make voter decision, Quite interestingly, he eulogized campaign as a key political instrument used to make a voter make a psychological purchase in correlation with his reasoning. However, such persuasion is achieved through aggressive media channels by engaging the voters feelings in a preferred direction. Because the political contests are predominantly competitive for elective position, the adversarial nature of campaign has reinforcement effect to maximize the voters loyalties in order to win the election is highly commendable. However, it is likely that campaign effects are heterogeneous across individuals and countries. These are the following reasons why campaign do matters; ENLIGHTENMENT EFFECT Recent researches have confirmed that there is a gradual decline of partisanship which given credibility to the significance of campaigns to influence the voter decision. The strength of retrospective evaluation upon the voter choice has been undermined by this decline which provides the fertile grounds for campaign messages to convert their perceived intention by enlightening their political knowledge. Shaw, 1999 and Salmore etal 1989 claim that political parties have failed in its primary duty to provide powerful information about the candidate during election causing a declining level of party identification in the electorate. In similar view ,Ornstein and Mann 2000 argues that there is a gradual decline in voter identification to the ideals of their political parties This is owing to that fact that the sudden change in party policies and in excesses of election primaries has weakened the allegiance of candidate to their political parties. These declining factors have given premises for campaign to persuade the voters intention for voting decision .However; this growing body of research has provided evidence that campaigns can influence voter preferences. This is evident in the study by Trent and Friedenberg (2000). Although voter behaviour are not only persuaded into new converts for opposing parties during campaigns, campaigning events are designed to reactivate pre-existing partisan loyalties of the voters for voter decision. To support this view, Ansolabehere 2006 further argues on the reinforcing model of the campaign effects on voter behavior as product of interplay of private and public information. This is within the premise that people use their cognitive properties (private information) with the campaign communication (public information to make voting decision showing the campaign reactivates their private supposition. VOTER MOBILIZATION AND PARTICIPATION Recent voting research has proved that campaign messages convert pre- voting intention into voting participation during election periods. Most evidently, Holbrook 1996 argues that findings have proved that there is fluctuation of opinions during campaign events which are due to its high content. This exercise tends to encourage public support which in turn influences voter behaviors. Because campaign exercise consists of several events, activities and processes, voter still respond differently to campaign events based on their individuals demographic and political ideals. The effect of these campaign events is that perceptions and opinions about the candidate and political parties are changed by the aggressive media communication which would propel voter participation. This is because researchers have shown that voting intention have been influenced by campaign communication which have strengthen voter participation in the election. Such participation would adversely enhance election outcome. (Kosmidis and Xezonakis. 2010 Personal canvassing, media communication and debates possess a more engaging interactive power to motivate voter participation in electoral processes. All retrospective alliance to his/her partisan party of the voter must be motivated by campaigning platform in order to encourage massive voting decision. However, the specific political act that can provide the engaging platform is campaigning. Certain political researches have not able to specifically measure the turn out effect of campaign on the voter behaviors but considerable evidence provided that voter participation increased during campaign activities. Evidently, in the field experiment by Gerber and Green 2000 on the effect on personal canvassing in the American 1998 Election In relation to the increased voter mobilization as a campaign effect, Bratton 2008 and Schaffer, 2007 collectively suggests that African election campaigns are mainly moments for politicians to engage in mass mobilization and the manipulation of electoral rules in order to increase voter turnout. Specifically in the case of Nigerias general elections of April 2007, Bratton (2008) claims that vote buying and political intimidation are characteristic dimensions of Nigerian election campaigns and are targeted at rural communities. Furthermore, Fournier etal 2004 argued that time-of-voting decision has been suggested as a key mediating variable for campaign effects. In other words, campaign messages tend to convert voting indecision to positive decision, or from one candidate choice to another thereby making the voter open to campaign persuasion. The media coverage and debates during the campaign influenced the voter intention drawing a co- relation between time of decision and the persuasion of campaign messages. In their researches, they confirmed that late deciders are responsive to campaign events in Canadian elections VOTER LEARNING Every voter needs information to make any type of voting decision either to reinforce his existing partisan loyalties or to make new voting decision. However, campaign is the most appropriate electoral process to provide such function. Because of the vast information- generating nature of Campaign, it provide the avenue for voter learning- the acquisition of information about the candidates and issues .During campaigns the political awareness are enlarged and fundamental voter preferences are being enlightened (Gelman and King, 1993), while the campaign learning process informs voters party positions and issue stances (Peterson, 2009). Campaign occupies the prestigious role as an educational academy for political learning through its information communication about the electoral system which enables the voter to understand the ideologies of the candidate, thereby offering them an enlightened voting decision. To support this stance, Iyengar and Simon 2000 describes campaigns as multifaceted and information-rich events which encompasses the candidates chances of winning, their personal and political ideologies giving campaign events (debates, candidate advertising) the opportunity to expose the voter knowledge to the personality of the candidate by boosting citizens political information, which may increase their likelihood of supporting the particular candidate Evidently, Hillgus and Jackman 2002 in the examination of the campaign effects in the presidential election 2000 in America party argue that conventions and presidential debates affected vote preference. They explored their research using the transition model to individual-level campaign data and concluded the effect of a campaign event based on the voters, campaigning timing, candidate Similarly, the effect of campaign for voter learning were evidently backed by Survey Researches such Brians Wattenberg 1996 and Zhao Chaffee 1996 as they found out that exposure to candidate marketing through the lens of campaign enhance voter learning which would encourage their voting participation Campaign communications increases the voters political understanding, thereby reducing uncertainty around the voting decision. Most recently, Kosmidis and Xezonakis 2009 executed an exploratory research on the undecided voters in the 2005 British general election; their finding confirmed that specific campaign messages formulated the choice preference of undecided voting behaviours. Agenda Control Traditionally, it is believed that voters choose whatever political interest based on their consideration of importance; ironically, campaign communication determines this consideration because of the cycle of appearance in media. Campaign messages surround its themes around those key interests and communicate them strategically in the media to set the agenda for relevance. Dalton etal 1995 suggests that because candidates are the principal sources of news during campaigns, they are in an advantageous position to simultaneously influence the media and public, for instance, candidates are motivated to introduce and pursue issues on which they enjoy a comparative advantage. The candidate closer to the student voter on an issue like fee reform would want to address that topic, as opposed to discussing issues which is not relevant to the student. Agenda control remains a key determinant of campaign effects because the candidate determines the principal yardsticks in which he/ she would be evaluated by the electorate as this are achieved through media communication. An extension in investigation of agenda control during campaign, Johnston et al 1992 argues that rhetoric also plays a special role by directing voters towards a specific agenda and considerations surrounding that agenda. This is achieved by the interplay of the acquisition of information and agenda control which provoke their voting decision. The evidence can be seen in their study of Canadian election 1988 which shows how free trade agreement between Canada and the United States, as a result of the candidates and parties rhetorical posturing came to the forefront of the public issue agenda To conclude the support for campaign, Kavanagh 1995 argues that the essence of campaign lies within itself, campaign is a means of choosing government and promoting political learning and citizenship, thereby contributing to the quality of representative democracy. This is because the interests of politics are heightened during campaigns through media communication about the candidate and party policies which are designed to attract the voting inclination for election participation. AGAINST CAMPAIGNS Examining the other view which argues that campaign do not matter, for the sake of clear understanding of the essay, the argument against campaign would be explored from the macro context factor of elections and their influence on voting behavoiur. As earlier stated, scholarly study on political science have argued the macro context of factors of elections both at the individual and aggregate level s strongly affect voting behavoiur and further posited that the macro context of election provides the wide platform in which any electoral campaign can function presenting a strong weakening interdependence characteristic of campaign. PARTISAN INDENTIFICATION Most predominantly stance of their argument is the influence of party identification on election outcome based on its psychological characteristics; their research argues that voting behavoiur and choices in elections are not merely a short term decision as similar the limited influencing experience campaign offers rather it is a conglomerate of certain long term political dispositions and ethnics in the social fabric of the electorate in which there is no room for campaign to change minds or influence behavoiur . An early voting research by Campell et al (1960) in their seminal book, The American Voter described the influence of party identification as a sustained psychological orientation to political parties which is a key determinant for attitude formation and political behaviour. Thus, electorates most often cast their votes based on their emotional affiliation with the electoral parties affirming their strong spirit of political devotion rather than the short persuasiveness of campaign propaganda. In the extensive study of the psychology of party identification and its influences of voting choice, a key realization is the existence of retrospective voting attitudes in the electorate. Fiorina(1981) explored the dynamics of retrospective voting and its direct impact of voting behavoiur as he argues that electorates associate their policy preferences with the policies of the party and make voting decision based on their retrospective evaluation of the performance of party in contrast to the mere make believe of campaigns. Much recent research points to the powerful electoral effects of incumbent performance evaluations which is termed the referendum model of presidential elections (Erikson 1989; Fiorina 1981) The recent studies such as Rice 1992 have evidently confirmed that election outcomes are easily explored without recognizing the mechanism of campaigning with their forecasting model. This simply means that elections outcome can be accurately predictive based on circumstantial factors before any campaign exercise. POWER OF INCUMBENCY Power of the incumbency is another factor that mitigates campaign effects. This particularly means that a party may enjoy a long term advantage in elections over its contemporaries because of its present governing authority. This long advantage may be due to the performance of the incumbency or possession of extensive resources to win the election. In this case, no matter the persuasiveness and aggressiveness of media fireworks in the campaign exercise, the ruling party would outage such approach. In all cases, every incumbency would strategically utilize all significant resources to ensure positive election outcome, they benefit from their ruling capacity in transforming media and economy to their advantage. In extreme cases, they use existing political institutions for election malpractices. A typical case is the Nigerias general elections of April 2007, Bratton (2008) which was characterized with rigging due to the power of incumbency by the ruling party (People Democratic Party) Trent and Friedenberg (2000) argue that the incumbency creates a special advantage for the candidate because of the political resources attached to the office of incumbency. Such advantage may be measured in them of the performance of the incumbency which may initiate retrospective loyalties during voting decision. In such power of incumbency, campaign may not necessarily affect the election outcome as voters would align their voting power t o the incumbency that have performed positively that an aspiring candidate of a new party STATE OF ECONOMY State of the Economy remains another significant factor subverts the effect of campaigns. Holbrook 1996 argues that the national economic context of political activities influences the voting behaviors, that is the economic performance of the incumbency largely influence voting behavoiur as voters are mostly inclined to vote for the ruling party in good economic times (High Gross Domestic Product, Infrastructural development)and more willing to change party in power in bad economic times(unemployment, inflation, high banking rate, poor exchange rate) . This position challenges the rhetoric of campaigns as it present comparison between the realistic experiences of the economy of the state and the fictitious gimmicks of campaigns. Thus, an aggressive campaign cannot influence the election outcome in occurrence of bad economic state A practical example cited by Holbrook 1996, was the American election of 1992, the winning of Clinton of the incumbent president George Bush was not due to his strong content of this campaign, it was purely because of poor economic situation of Bushs administration. No Bush campaign would have influence the voting behavior to change the experience of the realities o f the economy WEAKNESS OF CAMPAIGN ACTIVITIES Even though it is believed that the power of campaign lies in its events of activities, it have been characterized with several shortfalls ranging from its irrelevant key themes, ambiguous message and inappropriate media channel. Kavanagh 1995 also argues that the shortfalls of campaigns lies in itself as, campaign are mostly surveyed based on the content of output(advertisement, flyers) not by its output (election result).The lack of defined measurement system for campaign effect devalued its significance because election outcome is a product of several interplay of key factor and campaigns is least . Also he identified the ineffectiveness of campaign in various factors are wrong timing , conflict of electoral goals(election winning) versus other political goals(party values),Disagreement on campaign strategy and tactics ,Lack of party actors for implementation of campaign strategies, Lack of guaranteed knowledge about election winning. CONCLUSION Evaluating the two ideological perspectives on campaign, it may difficult to take a decisive position considering the continuous transformation of political environment. However, it is true that voters are open to myriad of political information designed to influence their voting decision but tend to make their voting choice based on their sociological experience, campaign seems to be one major political process that creates a platform of series of effects ranging from the reinforcement of the retrospective values, education of the voters political knowledge and influencing the voting behavoiur. The main paradox is the word matter in the question because relevance of campaign may be related to different objectives, context and ideologies. In order, campaign effects can be from different studies use different approaches to aim specific objectives. Therefore, it may be devaluing to adjudge a political act to be irrelevant if it does not achieve the entire expected objective. It is important to say that no political scholar can specifically say that a particular political activity guarantee the Election winning because Election outcome is a series of interplay of macro cultural actives, therefore campaign may matter but not necessarily to all voters

Cultural Misunderstandings Essay

Are you drinking plenty of fluids? Patient thoughts: I wonder why he is asking me that, what it is with these people and water I don’t like the water here. It’s too cold. I don’t know what’s wrong with people here that they drink that. Really And what happens when you drink the cold water? Patients thoughts: What does he mean, what happens? Everyone knows that drinking cold water is not good for you. Maybe I should see a different doctor. I hate cold water; I put it in the microwave to heat it up before I can drink it. In this case, the cultural misunderstanding occurred when the doctor failed to understand that some cultures learn and believe from an early age that drinking cold water can be detrimental to the body and they are discouraged from drinking it (Fauzi, 2008). This resulted in the patient becoming dehydrated because he was hesitant to drink the tap water as it was much cooler that they were used to. The patient found it inconvenient or impossible to heat water up at work or at school where there was no access to a microwave, so he just didn’t drink at all. Even without this knowledge, the doctor could go on to make suggestions of other liquids besides cold water that he could substitute to keep him well hydrated. However, knowing this information could have prevented him from making the patient feel awkward or uncomfortable. These misunderstandings cross over into the psychotherapeutic process as well. Misunderstandings happen from many reasons including but not limited to a lack of cultural knowledge, and inability or desire to see and understand differences in others as well as in ourselves. Specific clinicians, known as Universalist clinicians tackle these issues under the pretense that these cultural differences should remain out of the spotlight when it comes to psychotherapy. They believe in highlighting similarities rather than differences and feel that if general factors are present, therapy will have a positive outcome regardless of ethnicity, context or race. They basically choose to overlook the cultural differences. One the other side of the fence we have Particularist clinicians , which in sharp contrast to the universalists believe that cultural differences have a significant impact on individual experiences. They feel that these factors strongly determine how people define themselves as well as how they relate to others (Marcos, 1979). They view these differences as insurmountable obstacles and recommend that clients seek out therapists of their own cultural background in order to be successful in treatment. The type of clinician, known as the trancendist clinician, recognizes the importance of bringing cultural differences to the forefront and developing specific plans of action to do so. From their perspective it is felt that these differences can be â€Å"transcended†, or simply put, that clinicians can develop cultural competencies allowing them to effectively provide treatment strategies to clients from many different backgrounds other than their own (Angelou, 2012). It’s pretty clear that psychotherapy today adheres to a more trancendist perspective when developing and working through treatment plans for clients with diverse cultural backgrounds. There are several recommendations on how to effectively address culturally diverse clients. First , clinicians and professionals should view cultural differences as dynamic, complex, and subjective There are some very obvious characteristics such as accents , color of skin, or socioeconomic status that can be immediately categorized as culturally different, but the how they are interpreted or what these  differences mean are subjective. Beyond this , cultural differences are very complex , including a multitude of variables ( age , gender, language, religion, education level ) and it is crucial to consider all these factors when determining how they come together to define someone’s identity. Finally, perceptions of the therapist as well as the client are what constitute cultural differences as dynamic as opposed to static. As therapist and client progress through treatment what was once considered a cultural difference may fade into the background as other issues and factors come to the surface (Angelou, 2012). In this respect , therapist are encouraged to constantly explore how meanings can change , rather than operate on the pretense that once the cultural difference is defined and understood , that it is no longer necessary to explore. Another way to reduce cultural misunderstandings is to address similarities before discussing cultural differences. Clients and therapist may not only differ on many cultural attributes, but may also share some of those cultural characteristics. A helpful approach would be to identify commonalities before delving into the differences. This could be extremely beneficial to the client, and the therapist’s knowledge of similarities may help reduce a client anxiety or ambivalence. It also serves to build rapport, making the client feel more secure and accepting about sharing information and getting to the root of underlying issues. Cultural differences should be addressed as assets. Unfortunately many people from culturally diverse backgrounds have experienced how the majority misconstrues their differences as deficits. In the U.S. alone , members of a non dominant groups , such as anything but Caucasian, homosexual, disabled, non Christian, and female to cite a few, are often viewed as deficient, whereas male heterosexual white Christians are viewed in a more favorable light. Whenever possible, clinicians should make attempts to study how these differences relate to the client’s strengths, rather than perceiving them as weaknesses. Many of us value differences and consider them assets; however this is sometimes a harder message to convey during therapy considering the way that people view differences from dominant groups as a problem. Although there are many different ways to address the issue of reducing cultural misunderstandings, the last one I will identify may be the most important. It is imperative to have a well versed, culturally competent therapist. There are three common dimensions to this. First and most obvious, the therapist attitude and beliefs about cultural different individuals set the stage for the success of the psychotherapy. Clinicians should deeply explore their feelings about prejudices and cultural biases before attempting to move forward with the treatment of a culturally diverse client. There are many different avenues a therapist can take to become more culturally competent such as reading and education, seeking out advice or supervision from more culturally competent colleagues, attending cultural events and exposing one’s self to people of different cultures. A willingness as well as a genuine desire to learn about different cultures is important as well as the understanding tha t this learning can be a lifelong process. References Angelou, M. (2012). Addressing cultural differences in the psychotheraputic process . Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/50449_ch_4.pdf Fauzi, S. (2008). Doctor meets patient: The effect of cultural memory on the medical interview. Retrieved from http://www.uta.edu/modl/cultural-constructions/200705/html/fauzi.html Marcos, L. R. (1979). Effects of interpreters on the evaluation of psychotherapy in non-English-speaking patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 171-174.