Competitive Advantage Through Value Chain And Vertical...

We are living in a world, where technology keeps changing on day-to-day basis. In this ever-changing world of technology, the question is how are some companies doing better than the others and what are they doing to maintain competitive advantage? Rise of technology has given birth to competition by giving companies new ways to perform at higher levels and this has also led to the ways companies are producing their products and services. Technology has affected several sections of an organization by having an impact on business communications, company’s HR practices, and organizational changes. Therefore, in order to gain and maintain competitive advantage, a company must do one of the two; either produce goods/services at a lower cost or produce innovative products in a way that leads to differentiation and a premium price. Section 1: Competitive Advantage through Value-Chain and Vertical Integration Companies are using value chain approach to better understand which key areas will give them the greatest edge over its competitors. They are focusing on each division, distribution centers, pricing, product innovation, selling techniques, and value-chain formations. Value chain is an important notion that highlights the role of information technology in the operations of a company. â€Å"A Value-Chain is the whole series of activities that create and build value at every step. The total value delivered by the company is the sum total of the value built up all throughout theShow MoreRelatedThe Supply Chain Of Zara Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pages It always keeps in mind to improve their production quality. Supply chain management is the intercorrection of organizations managements that relate to each other through linkages between processes that produce value to customer. The term supply network refers to all operations that were linked together to provide goods and services through this network along individual channels or standards of that network. The supply chain of Zara is unique. Currently they call for manufacturers to outsourceRead MoreHow And Who Makes Strategy At The Corporate Level1631 Words   |  7 Pagesdirectors, corporate staff whose responsibility to supervise the strategic development and to make sure that business strategies are followed correctly with maximizing profitability and sustain competitive advantage. Strategic managers decide in which businesses and industries a company should compete, which value creation activities it should perform, and how it should enter, consolidate, or exit in order to create corporate level strategy. 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Vertical Integration Tying in with Starbucks’ Mission, the companies vertical integration with its supply chain from roasting its own coffee in one of two of its plants to its involvement with developing and fostering strategic partnerships with local coffee farmers may be the most important growth strategy the company focuses on. Quality and corporate social responsibility are the pillars of Starbucks; vertical integration is the key component to insuring bothRead MoreCompany Analysis: Thorntons1640 Words   |  7 PagesThorntons [Name of Student] [Name of Institute] Executive Summary Thorntons is found to be following a strategy including the element of vertical integration through the ownership of manufacturing and retailing stages of their businesses. The paper is helping in understanding the implications of companys pattern of vertical integration for competitive advantage and strategic development. 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Other types of Strategy: 1.Focus Strategy 2.Competitive or Value disciple strategy 3.Blue Ocean Strategy Focus Strategy: It uses either cost or differentiation strategy.This type of strategies is applies by the small companies especially for those want to avoid competition with big companies, Competitive or value disciple Strategy: This type of strategies is used to create customer value by providing competitive advantage. They are product leadership, customer intimacy and operational

Mobile Phone Life Cycle Free Essays

Samsung Electronics is a semiconductor mobile phone and mobile phone component manufacturer. It exists in the most dynamic end of the consumer product industry. It cannot succeed without continuous incremental improvement and without constantly updating its product portfolio. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Phone Life Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now The product life cycle for its premium product the Samsung galaxy S3 is estimated to be only 9 months. This occurs because customers withhold purchasing a product for which they know is going to be updated and replaced imminently. Samsung is a conglomerate in multiple markets, with the main profit centres being mobile telecommunications and information technology manufacturing. Samsung has posted record profits in its most recent financial quarter. Samsung is a dynamic but reactionary company; it emulates innovations by other manufacturers such as Apple but it operates in a marketplace where such things are common. It manufactures components for most other manufacturers of mobiles tablets and PCs. Samsung has an adversarial relationship with Apple who is Samsung’s both Samsung’s main competitor in mobile telephony and one of its biggest customer’s. Samsung has an advantage over Apple at present in that it has the infrastructure and dynamic capability to manufacture the components required. This leaves its main rival Apple requiring Samsung’s co-operation. Samsung is seeking to increase the price which it charges Apple. Strategically this is a wise option as switching costs for Apple essentially having to retool its entire operating network and refresh its product’s. Samsung is a company that prefers to grow organically. It has been suggested that the firm engage in a purchase of Blackberry maker Research in Motion. This would be characterised as a defensive acquisition. It would be merely adding to its portfolio of assets and gaining ownership of a mobile operating system. Currently it licences the Android from Google. Samsung has a strong diverse product portfolio and is capable of competing in numerous markets from the low end smartphones to the Premium Galaxy range; Samsung has a product for every possible price point. Samsung partners with other providers and builds phones and other devices for them such as the Google Chrome book. In an industry where there are numerous rivals and whereby Product Life Cycles are becoming progressively shorter. Samsung has an advantage in that as a semiconductor manufacturer it can respond to changes in the market dynamic quicker. A disadvantage for Samsung is that is does not have the same prestige as Apple and therefore cannot charge such premiums for its products. Samsung has to offer more at a lower price point than Apple does for its competing products. Samsung’s flagship Galaxy Range has 2 rivals for Apples iPhone the Galaxy S3 and the Galaxy NOTE 2. These combined even though they are of similar quality and differentiated towards different market segments than the iPhone 5 sales are still less than Apple. Could Samsung drop the Samsung nomenclature and market its high end models as Galaxy? This could enhance the appeal of the high end premium line. In the technology business Samsung is a rare beast in that it rarely makes acquisitions. Very few technology acquisitions are deliberately earnings generative. Facebook buying Instagram and Microsoft buying Skype are considered to be primarily defensive plays to enhance and protect certain advantages each of these companies had. Samsung could purchase a rival chip maker, though logistically and practically there would be little point in doing so. Another concept potentially to consider would be merging with Google to create an all in one hardware and software company. While logistically this would be the ultimate defensive move by both sides, it would be very difficult integrating the different business cultures it would probably mean that Samsung would have to move its headquarters to the U. S. A. A merger to companies that are on friendly terms as it is would certainly produce synergies in financing, but as they both maintain large cash piles that are increasing every quarter it doesn’t seem that the risk would be worth it. Another option for Samsung would be Nokia this would give Samsung 30 per cent of all the patents for 4G networks which would give the firm a significant royalty stream from every 4G enabled phone worldwide over the next 8 to 10 years which is the expected length that 4G will remain as the most modern network. Samsung will however be paying for a brand name and significantly weak company . It would also have to fend off rumoured interest from Microsoft. It would be a costly acquisition at 30 billion dollars given the Market Capitalisation of Nokia today and the required premium with which would be required to be successful. Samsung could use its partnership with Renault Nissan in the automotive industry to create a suite of products automatically synchronised with the car. This would be similar enough the Tesla Model S. While this is a left-field suggestion it is leveraging assets that Samsung already has and utilising it in order to serve its main Profitable arm. This allows the firm to gain a competitive advantage over its main rival Apple. The struggling Nippon-French automobile manufacturing partnership might also be receptive to an outright takeover by Samsung. Samsung has heretofore been a trend follower, albeit a very adept and nimble one. It hasn’t necessarily been the most innovative company, however with product life cycles getting consistently smaller and the competition which Samsung faces at all ends of the market from the low end to very top is also getting more innovative. Samsung is one of only a small number of companies that could redefine the market. It already produces Smart TVs in large quantities. It could start selling phones laptops and tablets TVs in large bulk quantities by already pre synchronising them for customers. Its steps like this that will put it ahead of its main rival Apple which is rumoured to be introducing a television that is expected to permanently alter viewing experience. In order to successfully manage this transition Samsung would have to be ahead in the U. S. A first and foremost. Gaining access to material is what blocked Apples entry into this new market. Aggressively Samsung could purchase a cable company or Netflix and control this content for itself, gaining such an imperative competitive advantage. Samsung if it wanted to be aggressive could stop supplying Apple severely hampering its main rival’s operations while aggressively increasing market share elsewhere by undercutting Apple. Another strategy would be to introduce a phone that would have enhanced abilities i. e. a class above its premium Galaxy range and equivalent iPhone 5 and Google Nexus 5. This would entrap Apple in a Pincer movement that would allow Samsung to be effectively the supplier of the latest accessory mobile phone, which at present is the iPhone 5 rather than the equivalent S3 and Note 2. The other strategy is to remain second the mobile phone market and a distant competitor to Apple in the Tablet market, this is the most conservative option and requires the least capital outlay, however it risks being overtaken in the same way Nokia was. In the technology market an aggressive approach would be beneficial, but as the relationship between Google and Samsung is seen as quite good the optimal strategy would be to jointly design products that would create a short term monopoly , such things exist in a world where second best is very often a distant second. Utilising inherent dynamic capabilities it was Apple who was playing catch up to the S3 and Note 2 but the iPhone 5 is outselling both products collectively, this could be because of the inertia derived from being introduced to a particular eco-system, in this way Apple has a first mover advantage in that it has a lot of loyal clients. Samsung primarily operates on Google’s Android operating system which is compatible with other Android users such as HTC and LG. At present Android has 68% of the market but the high margin clients have primarily tended to purchase Apple products. This is an issue that is only further compounded by time. In order to overcome this Samsung would have to be overly aggressive on a pricing strategy for a phone that would be significantly more advanced than its predecessors and its rivals. Samsung Electronics as a whole is a diversified technology company that should continue to grow unless it commit’s the cardinal sin of failing to innovate. It is a buy but it will have to alter its practices if it wants to surpass Apple’s profitability. S. Decker, 2012 Samsung Gets Review of Loss to Apple in U. S. Patent Case http://www. businessweek. com/news/2012-11-19/samsung-gets-review-of-loss-to-apple-in-u-dot-s-dot-patent-case Last Accessed 20/11/12 11. 25 http://www. investopedia. com/terms/d/defensiveacquisition. asp#axzz2ClJTl2OX Last Accessed 20/11/12 11. 30 Sam Grobart, 2012 Samsung’s Four (Easy) Steps to Mobile Dominance http://www. businessweek. com/articles/2012-11-19/samsungs-four-easy-steps-to-mobile-dominance Last Accessed 20/11/12 11. 30 Samsung Annual Report 2011 How to cite Mobile Phone Life Cycle, Essay examples

Formal Informational Report on Dell and HP (Computers and Software)

Question: Discuss about the Formal Informational Report on Dell and HP (Computers and Software). Answer: Different management styles, handling and launch of products and approach to e-commerce Management Style The management style that HP focused was called the HP way." The company abandoned its hire and fire mentality, which was to hire many workers for a large project and then fire them afterward. The company offered their employees with almost perfect job security instead, where the company stayed away from layoffs even during recession 1974. Currently, HP follows the "Management by Wandering around" for informal communication within the enterprise, "Management by Objectives, and Total Quality Control that serves to produce high quality products (Steiber Alange, 2016). Dell started its journey as a startup and therefore follows some management styles. They always analyze their actions which cause the company to succeed and not random fun-filled activities. The company seriously takes family commitment as a way to balance life and work for productive work and encourage spotting opportunities. Other management styles that made so successful are embracing risk like a startup, being strate gic, learning from mistakes and surrounding oneself with the best people (Michael Dells dilemma, 2016). Launch and handling of Products Kou Lee (2015) stated that, over the years HP has produced several products like workstation computers, servers, scanners, and printers. It was successful in a launch in several hardware departments like in printer department, where it was described as the leading printing and imaging systems provider (IPG) from individuals to small and medium enterprises. HP also released some business services in network security. It sells software in different categories such as mobile apps, and analytics and big data. It also provides SaaS or software as a service, software services, and cloud computing solutions. Their managed services also offer full IT-support solutions. Kou, Lee Wei (2015) opined that Dell has products ranging from business class brands where the company offers longer life-cycle, serviceability, and reliability. Its consumer class brands offer performance, value, and expandability. Besides it has peripheral class products and service and support brands. Their technical supp orts for products are provided according to the type of components and support level purchase. Types of support offered are business-day on-site support, collect and return service and business-hours telephone support. It also provides 24x7 online supports for 365 days a year. The company also provides multivendor hardware support, advisory, and protection services among others. Approach to E-Commerce Tandon et al., (2013) stated that, to solve the multitude of problems towards selling its products on an e-commerce platform, HP developed an E-Services framework which has the following stages: matchmaking, negotiation, the formation of the contract, and fulfillment of the contract. In case the company finds the e-commerce to intrusive, that's why they have proposed three standardizations: standards for business-specific types which contracts, services and goods traded, Standards for specifying the format of contracts, proposals, and advertisements, which are used during business-to-business (B2B) transactions. And, standards that specify the protocols which the traders use to engage with each other during different stages of B2B lifecycle. Dell set up its website www.dell.com as an e-commerce website and found huge success through online sales. The approach behind the move to e-commerce platform was to leverage the benefit of face-to-face contact between the seller and the buyer. I t ensures that the staff is responsible for providing quality customer service and support, and on delivering the product when the users order products from the website (Mohapatra, 2013). Other strategies the company adopted are selling directly to the consumers, customization of product, and tracking the products. Future challenges of HP and Dell HP broke up from its internal PC division and split itself into two companies forming Hewlett-Packard Enterprise and HP Inc. The former will focus on selling consulting services and data center hardware, whereas, the latter will focus on selling printers and PCs. It means server farms, inventory tracking, accounting, payroll, and email were all divided into two, leaving all the thousands of employees in the dark. Eighteen software programs that needed transition had to be taken extra care, because if they broke HP would be unable to ship inventory, take orders or pay workers (MacArthur Barton, 2013). Dell faces a challenge from its Dell-EMC Merger. With the merger, there will be a lot of overlapping products which will confuse the customers until the company comes out with a single brand. EMC charges much higher price than Dell for the same product, and its the reason when the merger will complete, and the revenue per sale will decline (deal, 2016). It is more troublesome since EMCs sales force depends on earned revenue, and lower revenue equals to lower commissions. Decisions and its implications of HP and Dell HP decided to split up into two organizations Hewlett-Packard Enterprise and HP Inc. The company took the decision after taking many factors into account such as Lenovo taking over the market, slow demand in the PC market, problems in the companys senior management, company's own $10.2 billion Autonomy acquisition that lowered the companys value among many. It led to a migration of at least 18 software programs, which if broken would result in non-payment of workers, broken payroll inventory, and non-shipping of inventory items. Many workers were also left in the dark because of the acquisition (Forbes Welcome, 2016). Silver Lake Partners, a private equity firm brought Dell from public shareholders, but the buyout was underpriced at 22%, and this can lead to compensation to investors in tens of millions, those who opposed the deal for the computer maker (How Michael Dell, Silver Lake Underpaid Shareholders But Did No Wrong, 2016). Competitive Edge of Dell and HP Voigt, Buliga Michl (2017) explained that Dells competitive edge comes from its build-to-order and direct selling approach preventing middleman in between. JIT or just-in-time strategy allowed them to function with lowest inventory level. It gave Dell a significant cost advantage in component costs as they deprecate. Dell also offered personalization options which are customer centric. The workforce of the company also had access automated real-time volume expectations and demand trends of various components. Dell has its manufacturing plants built in places, which has high productive workforces and low labor costs, giving them a location-specific advantage. One strategy of HP is the key to sustainability to gain a competitive advantage. Another strategy is to renovate their BPS or Business Process Service by introducing new technologies to optimize existing systems, improve system integration, mitigating implementation risks and delivering results quickly (Pavie et al., 2013). New technologies introduced are Mobile technology, cloud technology, analytics to provide insights, and advanced BPS accelerators and automation. Strategic Moves of Dell and HP HPs main competitor is Dell. Dell has been consistent in funding innovation for the last six years, but for HP they had been trying to sustain in the PC market, and its demise started when it was split into two companies. Currently, in compared to HP Dell has a strong channel partner program (Forbes Welcome, 2016). In the same period, HP had a mixed channel partner track record. HP's reluctance in x86 server market and PC market led to the disappearance of few partners as they felt burned when the sales team members of HP Enterprise took direct deals. Now, Dell has a definite upper hand against HP in the channel (Cooke, 2013). Company success stories In the Global 2000 list, HP was positioned 80, and number 31 as Forbes nominated in the Worlds Valuable Brands category. At present, it is one of the champions in the global technology provider's area (HP History: HP's Garage: Story: Partner in Greatness | HP Official Site, 2016). Michael S. Dell became the Youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company at the age of 27. Today, Dell Inc. it is one of the internationally acclaimed manufacturing brands (Dell's success in the details, 2016). Brief company background information Michael Dell founded Dell in 1984, with the premise that to understand the needs of the customers and proving solutions accurately and efficiently, the company needed to sell computers directly to the consumers (us, 2016). HP was founded in the year 1939 by Dave Packard and William Redington Hewlett. Currently, it operates as two different companies, the other being HP Inc. It is an American multinational Information Technology organization that delivers software services and hardware to large, medium and small enterprises across different industries (About us | HP India, 2016). Analytical statistics of Dell and HP Currently, Dell enjoys a 15 percent share in the sphere of high-end storage products like high-end storage products, printers, monitors, handheld computers, workstations, network servers, notebook computers, desktop personal computers, and a variety of computer software and peripherals. Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, has a 12 percent share in the company and will remain as the company's chairperson. It has over 111,000 employees worldwide. Half of the company's revenue comes from the PC market, and the other half comes from the server industry (Forbes Welcome, 2016). Hewlett Packard has a revenue share of US$ 138.854 billion according to the revenue posted in 2015. Its workforce consists of 315,000 employees as of quarter two of 2015. It serves its products worldwide and is currently headquartered in Palo Alto, California (US). The primary sources of revenue for HP are through value-added solution providers, resellers, and sales to channel partners (HPI/HPE split. Hewlett-Packard Alumni, 2016). References About us | HP India. (2016).Www8.hp.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www8.hp.com/in/en/hp-information/ Cooke, P. (2013). Global production networks and global innovation networks: Stability versus growth.European Planning Studies,21(7), 1081-1094. deal, F. (2016).Four challenges for the Dell-EMC deal.Cnbc.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/12/four-challenges-for-the-dell-emc-deal.html Dell's success in the details. (2016).CNET. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www.cnet.com/news/dells-success-in-the-details/ Forbes Welcome. (2016).Forbes.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/valleyvoices/2015/10/27/making-sense-of-the-dell-emc-vmware-deal/ Forbes Welcome. (2016).Forbes.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2013/06/21/dells-pc-growth-strategy-in-it-to-win-it/ Forbes Welcome. (2016).Forbes.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell/ How Michael Dell, Silver Lake Underpaid Shareholders But Did No Wrong. (2016).Fortune.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://fortune.com/2016/06/02/michael-dell-shortchanged-shareholders/ HP History: HP's Garage: Story: Partner in Greatness | HP Official Site. (2016).Www8.hp.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www8.hp.com/us/en/hp-information/about-hp/history/hp-garage/partner-in-greatness.html HPI/HPE split. Hewlett-Packard Alumni. (2016).Hpalumni.org. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www.hpalumni.org/split Kou, T. C., Lee, B. C. (2015). The influence of supply chain architecture on new product launch and performance in the high-tech industry.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,30(5), 677-687. Kou, T. C., Lee, B. C., Wei, C. F. (2015). The role of product lean launch in customer relationships and performance in the high-tech manufacturing industry.International Journal of Operations Production Management,35(8), 1207-1223. MacArthur, J. B., Barton, T. L. (2015). A teaching case on strategic and tactical decision-making at Hewlett-Packard Co.Journal of Business Cases and Applications,14, 1. Michael Dells dilemma. (2016).Fortune.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://fortune.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ Mohapatra, S. (2013). E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. Pavie, X., Hsu, E., Rdle, H. J. T., Tapia, R. O. (2013). How to define and analyze business model innovation in Service. Steiber, A., Alnge, S. (2016). Silicon Valley: A Cradle of Management Innovation. InThe Silicon Valley Model(pp. 37-51). Springer International Publishing. Tandon, R., Chakraborty, A., Srinivasan, G., Shroff, M., Abdullah, A., Shamasundar, B., ... Dhore, P. (2013). Hewlett Packard: Delivering Profitable Growth for HPDirect. com Using Operations Research.Interfaces,43(1), 48-61 us, D. (2016).Our history.Dell. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/vn/our-history Voigt, K. I., Buliga, O., Michl, K. (2017). Customized and Built to Order: The Case of Dell. InBusiness Model Pioneers(pp. 55-66). Springer International Publishing.

Total Rewards Program Development

The Baby Boom generation holds most power and control in the United Sates, since it comprises about 44 % of the entire workforce (Delcampo, 2012). This generation is very visionary and it is likely to have much influence for at least the coming two decades. The generation grew up after the World War II.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Total Rewards Program Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parents who experienced the World War and global recession hoped that life would be more rewarding to future generations. Children to these parents underwent various teachings on discipline and acceptable behavior. However, the parents did not interfere with the self worth of these children. During these times, schools encouraged teamwork. Besides, schools encouraged global reformation and economic recovery. Optimism for the future marked these times. Therefore, baby boomers like making things differently at workplac e. They always expect a hearing on their voices and consideration of their decisions (Heneman, 2007). They also like influencing management in organizations. To prove their worth, Baby Boomers like working for long hours and even weekends. They have a strong orientation in teams and they encourage participative management, team building and employee involvement. Members in this generation group have good skills in communication, strong work ethic and are stable emotionally. Most of them continue working after they retire, since they plan to transform retirement. Others prefer to work in new industries, or instituting businesses. Thus, there is a need for organizations to make programs and benefits that can attract and keep Baby Boomers in their companies, as they are a rich source of labor. Generation X represents workers who are in their twenties or the thirteenth generation in America. This generation comprises 33 % of the American workforce and currently, they are so much into le adership. Members of Generation X always resist tags.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The parents of this generation experienced inflation and recession. They lived in the reigns of President Nixon and Reverend Swaggar. During these times, people carried themselves vary cautiously. Most mothers of Generation X members worked far away from home, due to global changes. Therefore, their children learnt how to take care of themselves. Besides, these children experienced divorce in their families. Divorce of their aunts and friends of their parents affected those who were lucky not to experience divorce in their immediate families. Consequently, Generation X members are prone to giving their loyalty away. When it comes In the employment world, Generation X members are independent. Since many of them experienced divorce in their families, they learnt to cope with different neighbo rhoods as well as change and commotion. They take pleasure in streamline systems and processes as well as attaining significant results. Mostly, Generation X members like working in organizations that are flexible and result oriented. In addition, they like organizations that consider their preferences. A total rewards program that will keep these two generations engaged must consider their sources of motivation. Some factors that motivate Baby Boomers include recognition, room for teamwork, ability to work for long hours, work ethics and communication proficiency (World at Work, n.d., par.3). Conversely, factors that motivate Generation X members include autonomy at work, efficiency of systems and processes as well as flexibility of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Total Rewards Program Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A total rewards program for the Baby Boomers must comprise sever al elements, which derive from their motivation factors. First, the package must have compensation in the form of base wages, premium pay, and variable pay. Base wages in form of salary pay are relevant since most Baby Boomers work for long durations. Premium pays are also acceptable for Baby Boomers since most of them work during weekends. In addition, the program should have variable pay to compensate attainments that come from teams. Second, the package should have benefits such as of workers compensation insurance, social security insurance and medical insurance. The package should also contain retirement benefits and life insurance, since this is an aging group. Health and welfare benefits, which are also key to the package of this group, should contain spouse dependant insurance, life insurance, prescription drug plan and vision plan. Al these are central considering that this is an aging generation and the health of the body deteriorates with age. Besides, this group of worke rs needs their families to be safe in the event of their demise. The third component of Baby Boomers’ total reward program should be work-life balance. Most persons in this generation group are old people who are likely to have other responsibilities and thus, should get the opportunity to work part time. Besides, Baby Boomers require employee assistance programs, on site massages, health screenings, nutritional counseling, on site nurses and geriatric counseling due to their aging nature. Fourth, the Baby Boomers package must have performance and recognition rewards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Performance rewards could include meetings and team evaluations. Baby boomers like working in teams and being involved in directive decisions. Therefore, they always appreciate team evaluations as well as conferences where they can give their views. Also, service rewards and retirement rewards represents an essential part of the program. Conversely, a total reward program for Generation X members must have career development programs. This group likes streamlined systems and processes, which is achievable through training in areas like new technology. Other rewards such as on- job training, virtual learning and seminars should form a part of the program. Besides, availing self-development tools and information networks to this generation makes them more independent. Another component of a reward program for Generation Xers is compensation. This includes base wages and incentive pay based on individual performance. In addition, the program should have legally required benefits and ot her benefits. Legally required benefits include Medicare, unemployment insurance, worker’s compensation insurance and social security insurance. Health and welfare benefits for this generation should include health savings account and vision plan. The program should also encompass benefits associated with sick leave, holidays and other leaves. Another relevant component is work-life. This generation requires flexible work situations and an organization can offer this in the form of alternate worksites and seasonal schedules. Besides, the program should contain maternity leaves and reproductive health plans, since most members of this group are in their reproductive age. Other relevant items include smoking cessation assistance and stress management programs. The last component should be performance and recognition. Performance rewards in this context should include goal-setting sessions because generation X members are usually goal oriented. Besides, performance rewards shoul d include involvement in meetings so that they can air their preferences. Similarly, recognition should comprise goal-oriented awards including productivity, cost savings and safety. Giving employers a total rewards package has benefit to both the employee and the employer. First, workers who get rewards that they expect feel motivated and maintain engagement in all their duties. Consequently, their organizations experiences more financial stability. Second, employees experience satisfaction when they perceive that they have equal opportunities such as those of career development, irrespective of their differences. In addition, giving employees total reward programs results in reduced turnover and higher retention because employees who receive the package feel loyal and are likely to offer services to an organizations for a long time. Offering rewards has both benefits and risks to certain groups. For instance, offering sick leaves and maternity leaves is likely to benefit Generatio n X. However, offering health-screening program may affect the same group negatively, especially when they come to realize that they have an incurable disease like cancer. Another type of reward that is likely to raise legal concerns is the spouse/dependant life insurance. At times, it becomes hard to identify a person’s true dependants especially when such a person has a record of having extra marital affairs. Looking at the hospital where I work, there exist several gaps when it comes to rewarding employees as required in the total rewards program. Last year, the hospital experienced high turnover, conflicts with labor society and wrecked channels of communication. The personnel department also lacks connections to customer needs and business needs. Despite the hospital having carrying a survey that pointed out areas that needed redress, there has been no action. To handle this situation, the hospital should develop a broad strategic plan that aims at attracting and retaini ng the workforce. Such a plan should offer room for leaders to receive training on how to deal with different generations. The training should enlighten leaders on how to communicate with each generation, as well as factors that can motivate, or de-motivate members in different generations. Leaders should also be prepared to dedicate themselves to particular strategies of leadership. To identify strategies that are relevant to different generations’ leaders at the hospital should analyze the percentages of employees by generation. After the analysis, they should build a life cycle employment and benefits plan depending on the needs of employees at different phases of work and life. Leaders should also create welfare and work-life programs such as health screenings, nutritional counseling and on-site massage services. Besides, leaders should offer career training to personnel at the hospital and offer scholarships and coaching in various fields. Another strategy that leaders c an employ is providing a clinical mentor program that aligns experienced nurses with new nurses. This should aim at preparing young nurses for the occupation through coaching and training. Lastly, these leaders should carry out a needs analysis, create valuable career opportunities and improve their strategies on career communication. On the other hand, the top management of the hospital should offer junior leaders training on generational diversity. Such training may take the form of conferences, seminars, websites, or experiments. This training should ensure that leaders have knowledge on how to handle multigenerational groups. Besides, top officials must make sure that the board and council have representatives from every group. The hospital management must also make sure that they reward productivity and performance. The compensation program should motivate and reward productivity without considering age, or a person’s position in an organization. Another area that the ma nagement should consider is benefit options. Most employees, across generations, have families and other personal interests that they have to take care of even as they work. Therefore, the hospital management should offer flexible work hours to their staff. Most workers consider flexible work options when rating quality of work places. Managers should thus offer incentives like flex time, working from home and job-sharing to attract more workers. Managers may also offer workers a paid off during winter seasons, or summer seasons. The management should as well match the employee’s generation to that of the customer base. Most clients prefer to receive services from people who they share their perspectives and points of view. Additionally, the management should encourage regular conversations about generational differences. This can enhance understanding and respect for persons across generations at the work place. Furthermore, the management should offer employees phased retir ement options. For instance, an employee may continue working in the organization for up to two years after retirement, but at a reduced level. Usually, most employees prefer to work at a reduced capacity ahead of retirement and continue to work the same way for several years after retirement. Another approach that the management should take is making through advertisement on career opportunities prior to recruitments. This may include posting available posts on the organization’s internet, in the magazine and newspapers so that employers of all kinds can apply for the positions. Lastly, the management should offer various benefits to employees. Such benefits may include insurance, scholarships as well as vision and dental plans. Other benefits may include child and elder care. For instance, a caregiver may receive 13 weeks off every year while still having full salaries. The hospital management should also consider giving caregivers reimbursements to cater for their children ’s costs. However, the management should ensure that such benefits suit a workers phase of life. For instance, a Baby Boomer will prefer to have long-term care insurance plan, while a person in Generation X will prefer to have a scholarship. All these aspects should serve as excellent ideas for reducing turnover, increasing employee satisfaction as well as employee retention at the hospital. References Delcampo, R.G. (2012). Managing the multi-generational workforce: From the GI generation to the millennials. New York, NY: Gower Publishing Ltd. Heneman, R.L. (2007). Implementing total rewards strategies: A guide to successfully planning and implementing a total rewards system. New York, NY: SHRM Foundation. World at Work (n.d). Total rewards model: a framework for strategies to attract, motivate and retain employees. Web. This essay on Total Rewards Program Development was written and submitted by user Jair H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Return to Bitter Creek essays

Return to Bitter Creek essays Return to Bitter Creek takes place in Bitter Creek, North Carolina, during current times. There are many acres of beautiful land. There are a lot of trees and plants. The weather is seasonal, although mild during the winter. Most of the action occurs at a farm, and in a house. Although the story involves family conflicts, and could take place anywhere, the setting was relevant to this plot because a lot of what happened involved nature, horses, and rural jobs. Lacey Bittner is the main character. She is a teen-aged girl who lived with her mother, Campbell, and her mothers boyfriend, David. Lacey is upfront, honest, hard working, efficient, and kind. When someone is rude she tells them how she feels. For example, she tells her mother when she thinks her mother is being inconsiderate. Whenever she has a job to do, like making a cabin in the trees, or clearing the pasture for the horse, she gets to it right away, and continues until its done, even late at night. She tries to fit all her activities in, including school, sports, and taking care of her horse; she is responsible. Even though her mother doesnt get along with the rest of the family, Lacey is still pleasant to them. The main conflict is man vs. man. This is a story about a family who just cant get along with each other. There are personality conflicts between mothers and daughters, and cousins and cousins. There is squabbling over such things as who can spend time with whom, and who will drive to school. Campbell, Laceys mother, lived in Bitter Creek her whole life, but she didnt get along with her family, especially her mother. She moved away to Clio, Colorado with Lacey, being single. She met a man name David. They were very close and lived together, but werent married. They moved back to Bitter Creek, North Carolina because David found a blacksmith job there. When they arrived in Bitter Creek, they bought a little ho...

Carbon Fibres and Composite Material Free Sample for Students

According to Goodman et al. (2011), a composite material refers to a combination of two or more materials that are of different composition, physical property, and morphology. These materials are often combined on a microscopic scale. Depending on the constituent properties, composites are in many cases designed to (or â€Å"intending to†) producing materials with materials aimed at fulfilling specific mechanical, physical, or chemical requirements. As a result, Hofmann (2016)   points out that the use of composite materials have progressively increased for the past 40 years and have many uses in the automotive, aeronautic, medical, and naval fields among other industries. Consequently, different composite biomaterials have been tested and studied for use in the medical field and are often commercialized for their advantages of the traditional composite materials that were used before. In the medical field, most human tissues such as skin, bones, tendons, teeth, and ligament are composites made up of single constituents whose distribution, morphology, amount, and properties are the major determinants of the final behavior of the resulting organ or tissue according to Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015). The same study denotes that human-made composite materials can as well be used in making prostheses that are used to mimic these biological tissues with the aim of ensuring thy match their mechanical behavior and restore the mechanical functions of the body tissues that have been damaged. This paper presents the history, structure and synthesis, mechanical properties, possible uses, as well as pros and cons of the carbon-fiber-reinforced,   peek (CFR-PEEK) composite material whose use have been studied, tested, and proven fit for medical purposes. Carbon Fiber, a polymer that is also known as a graphite fiber, is a very strong material and light in weight. Though stiffer than steel, its light weight makes it suitable for use as a raw material in the manufacturing of other materials (Garry, 2013). The composite material was discovered back in 1879 by Edison Thomas. The scientist backed bamboo silvers and cotton threads at high temperature carbonizing them into a fiber filament of all-carbon. His invention led to the use of high-performance carbon fibers in 1958 in Cleveland. CF-PEEK was then introduced as a matrix where long and short PEEK fibers were used as the composite matrix to ensure the end product had the qualities of both fibers. Despite the fact that they were inefficient, the fibers contained approximately 20% carbon with low stiffness and strength properties. However, the carbon fiber’s strength potential was realized in 1963 through a new manufacturing process at British research center (David et al., 2014). In the medical field, carbon-fiber-reinforced peek materials range from large scale components such as x-ray application materials to most invisible bolts internally used to support the bones in the body according to Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015). CFR-PEEK materials have for a long time been adopted for use in the medical field in different facets. They are widely used in the orthopedic processes mainly for bone crafts, bone cementing, hip joint replacement, and in the fixation of the bone plates in the body. Hofmann (2016) points out that CFR-PEEK can be fabricated with tensile strength or stiffness in the capability of the bone they replace in the body. As a result, the materials are successfully finding their way into the medical devices as implants to replace the internal body organs and tissues. Historically, many challenges have been faced by implant designers in achieving acceptance from different regulatory agencies globally. However, the uses of carbon-fiber-reinforced peeks are on the rise as a result of technological advancements and innovations. New medical applications and composite materials are gaining popularity and approval in many parts of the US food and drug administration (Garry, 2013). CFR-PEEK are used in the formulation of bone growths for implants such as temporary bone supports and bone screws mainly adopted in the orthopedic repairs. These materials have been adopted for use in the bioresorbable polymers that can safely break down and be absorbed by the body in the rebuilding process of the bone. In the medical industry, the first synthesis requirement is a performance parameter indicating the relative merits of different designs of CFR-PEEK with the primary knowledge that the growth and micro-motion of bones can be used for different purposes in a clinical view. What follows is a finite element code that determines the strains in the bone used as essential parameters in evaluating the performance of the carbon fiber. The CF-PEEK composite is manufactured by the use of a hybrid fabric composing of PEEK and carbon fiber as a matrix that is then modified and treated by low temperature and oxygen plasma. The process is then followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transformation attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) that are essential I relating the functionality and roughness of the carbon fiber surface with the PEEK interfacial adhesion strength.   The plasma treatment is aimed at increasing the roug hness of the carbon fiber surface while the prolonged treatment results into the smoothing. According to Duraccio, Mussano, and Faga (2015), the structural properties of a composite material are determined by the length, volume, and alignment of the carbon fiber it contains. Apart from being strong, carbon fibers have high tensile strength and stiffness but with low weight. It also has a high chemical resistance and is often tolerant to high temperature and excessive heat but with a low thermal expansion as denoted by Garry (2013). According to Cano and Guilemany (2016), the mechanical property of a composite material can be determined by the mechanical properties of CFR-PEEK. Carbon fibers consist of strong and thin crystalline carbon filaments for the strengthening of other materials. David et al. (2014) denote that the fibers can be thinner than the human hair but gets its strength when the fibers are twisted and laid over a coated and molded into plastics or resin. For these mechanical properties, carbon fiber is adapted for use not only in the medical field but many industries such as the military, automotive, and aerospace. There are two main forms of carbon fiber incorporation used in composites for medical applications. Short CFR-PEEKs that consist of short carbon fibers randomly aligned and are mostly less than 0.4 mm, used as producers of the homogeneous material property for the implant. Long CFR-PEEK consists of carbon fibers essentially running the entire width of most composite materials. The long CFR-PEEK has a tensile strength that is greater than 2000 Mpa when compared to the 170 Mpa which is of the short carbon fiber (Aspenberg, 2014). As a result, their controlled alignment of these carbon fibers hence helps in providing a broad range of anisotropic properties that can be controlled for specific functions depending on there the composite material that needs to be made and the use.   Ajioka et al. (2016) denote that carbon-fiber-reinforced peek material is engineered to produce a varying degree of stiffness and strength based on the number and orientation of the carbon fibers used. It is hence easier to help the manufacturer match the elasticity of the bone to be replaced with the composite implant material that will be fixed. On the other hand, Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015) also denotes that using carbon fibers as composite materials is easier since, before their innovations, manufacturers were facing challenges from modulus mismatch of the then used metal implants. For instance, the mismatch was often producing stress shielding; alter loading, and a periprosthetic bone remodeling process that was often detrimental. Commercially available carbon fiber composite materials have been tested in several ways for fatigue cycles but have always proven to be effective and resistant. Nayeri (2014) denotes that the average strength for a 4.5mm implant plate is 19.1 Newton meters while that of a similar 4.5mm stainless steel compression plate is 17.8 Newton meters. The bending strength of available 10-mm CFR-PEEK is averagely 80.3 Nm, while an 11-mm titanium tibial plate bending strength is 43 Nm. This has proven that the testing for wear debris of the implants is significantly lower than the wear debris strength of titanium plates made from the steel as pointed out by Goodman et al. (2011). The same study denotes that the healing and fracture reduction are available for a standard radiograph. The absence of both MRI and computed tomography means that CFR-PEEK for the composite implants has applications for infections, spine, and for oncologic cases. Even though there are several advantages of using the carbon-fiber-reinforced peek composite implants for medical reasons, there are also some specific disadvantages. For instance, they cannot be contoured hence making their use in fracture fixation limited to straight diaphyseal hence calling for a specific locking screw technique anatomically designed for the specific fracture Utech and Boccaccini (2016). At the same time, stiffness can be beneficial to the receiver, but the too much flexibility is as well dangerous as it can lead to pseudarthrosis. The increased fatigue strength of the implants helps in decreasing any possible risk to fatigue failure. However, the radiolucent nature of the carbon-fiber-reinforced peek used in the manufacturing of the implants precludes directly hence visualizes radiography. In his study, Hofmann (2016) denotes that all biomaterial composites intended for use in the body of any living organism have to meet certain conditions, regulatory requirements, and criteria. These include; Carbon-fiber-reinforced peek have found a wide application and use in different facets of the medical sectors. These include bone cementing, bone grafting, hip joint replacements, bone fixating plating, and other forms of bone replacements (Asghari et al. 2017). In the manufacturing and design of prosthetic composite implants used for the replacement of the central bone and the combined joint, the primary objective is often to arrive at an implant with a higher bone growth stimulus but slightly lower that the titanium alloys implants that are currently used (Egger et al. 2017). From the CFR-PEEK innovations, patients can easily get access to rapid and easier proper implant fixation and bone replacement. Achieving these objectives requires the synthesis and structure of the composite implants to consist of three primary elements. In his study, Soboyejo (2017) points out that CFR-PEEK includes bio-glass-ceramic, xenograft, and allografts often used in joint replacements and tissue engineering. They are often made of different layers of long and short carbon fibers; the final product often combines the properties of both the materials used. The resulting product is often mechanically strong but lightweight at the same time. Saleh (2016) also denotes that the materials have low density and can easily resist corrosion. The use of composite body implants has several advantages when compared to the metallic devices that were used before their inventions. It modules if elasticity and fatigue strength makes the CFR-PEEK an ideal composite implant material for bones plates and nails. The disposal of CF-PEEK is becoming a major issue since the different carbon fiber reinforced composite materials are reaching the end of their live services. According to Schinner, and Brandt (2011), over 27 000 tons of CF-PEEK have produced annually. As a result, grinding up the waste material and sending it to landfills or disposing of it through incineration has little appeal to the environment since it is non-biodegradable.   With global warming and climate change policies affecting every global industry, incineration is not the best method of disposal of the material as it will lead to the production of greenhouse gasses as well as smoke, thus leading to pollution. Disposal into landfills also reduces the aesthetic value of the environment turning the areas into wastelands and creating environments for disease-predisposing factors such as stagnant water collection points for mosquito and bilharzia breeding when it rains. As a result, different recycling methods such as pyroly sis have been adopted that strips away the epoxy resin from the fibers while leaving the original properties undamaged. The medical industry is driven and guided by the demands of the medical profession that seeks constant improvements and device innovations for better medical care. Consequently, different composite biomaterials have been tested and studied for use in the medical field and are often commercialized for their advantages of the traditional composite materials that were used before. Carbon fibers have found a wide application and use in different facets of the medical sectors. These include bone cementing, bone grafting, hip joint replacements, bone fixating plating, and other forms of bone replacements. Ajioka, H., Kihara, H., Odaira, C., Kobayashi, T., & Kondo, H. (2016). Examination of the Position Accuracy of Implant Abutments Reproduced by Intra-Oral Optical Impression.  Plos ONE,  11(10), 1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164048 Asghari, F., Samiei, M., Adibkia, K., Akbarzadeh, A., & Davaran, S. (2017). Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for tissue engineering application: a review.  Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine & Biotechnology,  45(2), 185-192. doi:10.3109/21691401.2016.1146731 Aspenberg, P. (2014). Alendronate-eluting polyglucose-lignol composite (POGLICO).  Acta Orthopaedica,  85(6), 687-690. doi:10.3109/17453674.2014.979724 Bailey, S. R. (2009). DES Design: Theoretical Advantages and Disadvantages of Stent Strut Materials, Design, Thickness, and Surface Characteristics.  Journal Of Interventional Cardiology,  22S3-S17. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8183.2009.00449.x   Cano, I., & Guilemany, J. (2015). Cold spray as an emerging technology for biocompatibility of Carbon Fibers: state of art.  Journal Of Materials Science,  50(13), 4441-4462. doi:10.1007/s10853-015-9013-1 David, J., Cyril M., Seligson,   D., Bennie L. (2014). Use of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Implants in Orthopedic Surgery, Journal of Orthopedics, 37 (12): 825-830 Duraccio, D., Mussano, F., & Faga, M. (2015). Biomaterials for dental implants: current and future trends.  Journal Of Materials Science,  50(14), 4779-4812. doi:10.1007/s10853-015-9056-3 Egger, J., Gall, M., Tax, A., ÃÅ"cal, M., Zefferer, U., Li, X., & ... Chen, X. (2017). Interactive reconstructions of cranial 3D implants under MeVisLab as an alternative to commercial planning software.  Plos ONE,  12(3), 1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172694   Garry, P. (2013). Self-tapping ability of carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone suture anchors.  J Biomater Appl. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1177/0885328214535274   Goodman, B., Stuart, S., Kelsey, G. & Deborah, J (2011). Composite Implant for Bone Replacement. Journal of Composite Material, vol. 261, pp.  63-81. Hofmann, A. (2016). Surface Functionalization of Orthopedic Titanium Implants with Bone Sialoprotein.  Plos ONE,  11(4), 1-23. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153978 Kumbhar, J. (2015). Applications of bacterial cellulose and its composites in biomedicine.  Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology,  99(6), 2491-2511. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6426-3 Paknikar, K., & Kumbhar, J. (2015). Applications of carbon fiber and its composites in biomedicine.  Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology,  99(6), 2491-2511. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6426-3 Saleh, M. M. (2016). Biodegradable/biocompatible coated metal implants for orthopedic applications.  Bio-Medical Materials & Engineering,  27(1), 87-99. doi:10.3233/BME-161568 Schinner, J. & Brandt, H. (2011). Recycling carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, J Thermoplast Compos Mater, 6(9), pp. 239–245 Soboyejo, W. (2017). Polymeric composite devices for localized treatment of early-stage breast cancer.  Plos ONE,  12(2), 1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172542 Utech, S., & Boccaccini, A. (2016). A review of carbon-based composites for biomedical applications: enhancement of hydrogel properties by addition of rigid inorganic fillers.  Journal Of Materials Science,  51(1), 271-310. doi:10.1007/s10853-015-9382-5

Aspects of Psychology Unit4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aspects of Psychology Unit4 - Essay Example They do not consider physical traits of human beings as part of their intelligence. Sternberg’s Model Robert Sternberg (1988) proposed a theory of intelligence called as ‘triarchic theory’ as according to him, intelligence consists of three aspects interacting with each other (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The fist aspect is the internal skill of information processing which helps the human being to behave intelligently (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The second aspect is the ability of human being to create a match between the internal skills and the external environment in the best possible way (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The third aspect is the ability to take the help of past experiences to tackle the new or unfamiliar information, successfully (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). Sternberg’s theory shows that intelligence is the ability to use different internal and external aspects to achieve success and to realize potential. Spearman’s Model Spearman’s model of intelligence is called as a ‘two-factor model’ of intelligence. ... The results revealed that children who scored well in one test also scored well on other tests (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman noticed that there was a positive correlation between the tests designed to measure different mental abilities like memory, reasoning, creativity etc (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman concluded that even though the tests were aimed at measuring different mental abilities, they had one factor common in them, which was getting measured in all the test results (Pyle, 1979, p.7). He concluded that this common factor was ‘general intelligence’ and named it ‘g’ (Pyle, 1979, p.7). However, he also realized that even though intelligent children scored well in all the tests, their scores were not exactly the same in all the tests (Pyle, 1979, p.7). This is because every test was designed to measure a ‘specific’ ability of a child and hence, it displayed the specific skill set of a child (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman named this factor as â₠¬ËœSs’, indicating that even though ‘general intelligence’ was a common factor in children scoring well in the tests, their specific abilities were different from each other (Pyle, 1979, p.7). As Spearman’s model of intelligence is based on the two factors of ‘general’ and ‘specific’ intelligence, it is called as ‘two-factor model’ (Pyle, 1979, p.7). According to Spearman’s model, ‘intelligence’ is the mental energy or the ‘general ability’ of human being which ‘flows’ and guides him in most of his activities (Pyle, 1979, p.8). Spearman believed that all human beings have ‘g’ to some degree but as there is a difference in the level of their general intelligence, their mental abilities are different (Pyle, 1979, p.7). People differ from each